https://doi.org/10.37955/cs.v5i3.149
Received November 12, 2020 / Approved April, 03 2021 Pages: 55-70
eISSN: 2600-5743
Stereotypes and social
representations of men that frame
social imaginaries in gender
violence against women
Los estereotipos y representaciones sociales del
hombre que enmarcan los imaginarios sociales
en la violencia de género contra la mujer
Daniela González Otzeta
Master's Degree, Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios Social Worker in training, belonging to
the research group "la hoja" of the Social Work program, Soacha Regional Center - Cundinamarca.
dgonzalezot@uniminuto.edu.co, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3464-6400
Manuela Martinez Landinez.
Master, Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios Social Worker in training, belonging to the
research group la hoja of the Social Work program, Soacha Regional Center - Cundinamarca.
mmartinezl9@uniminuto.edu.co https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3038-6034
Darwin Alexis Cruz García
Corporación Universitaria Minuto De Dios Social worker, master's degree in Political Studies,
belonging to the Colciencias Nexos group: Narratives and experiences of organizations and subjects -
Colombia, Teacher leader of the seedbed la hoja TRSO program Regional Center Soacha -
Cundinamarca. darwin.cruz@uniminuto.edu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1858-1945
Abstract
A reflection of the man from the mistreatment behaviors manifested
in the woman due to alcohol, jealousy, economic dependency and
parenting patterns. This study seeks to describe the aggressive
stereotypes of men in the Municipality of Soacha, Comuna 4, Altos de
Cazucá, with the historical-hermeneutical approach of descriptive
study; data collection was carried out through 6 in-depth interviews
and non-participant observation of two women victims of abuse.
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Therefore, the research proposes a profile of the abusive man
according to the behaviors and typologies exposed, trying to group
these men based on their personal characteristics and styles of
violence. Consequently, it is necessary to delve into this social problem
and learn beyond a stereotype or common image of the abusive person.
Resumen
Una reflexión del hombre a partir de conductas de maltrato
manifestadas en la mujer por causa del alcohol, los celos, la
dependencia económica y pautas de crianza. En este estudio se busca
describir los estereotipos agresivos del hombre en el Municipio de
Soacha, Comuna 4, Altos de Cazucá, a través de la utilización del
enfoque histórico-hermenéutico de estudio descriptivo; la recolección
de datos se realizó a través de 6 entrevistas a profundidad y
observación no participante a dos mujeres víctimas de maltrato. Por lo
tanto, la investigación plantea un perfil del hombre maltratador de
acuerdo a los comportamientos y tipologías expuestas, tratando de
agrupar a estos hombres a partir de sus características personales y
estilos de violencia. En consecuencia, es necesario profundizar en esta
problemática social y conocer más allá de un estereotipo o imagen
común de la persona maltratadora.
Palabras clave/ Keywords
Behavior, male, mistreatment, stereotypes.
Comportamiento, hombre, maltrato, estereotipos.
Introduction
This document proposes a reflection on men in the contemporary
family scenario that allows us to visualize how stereotypes and social
representations have been modified in relation to their roles and the
role of socialization processes that frame social imaginaries in gender
violence. In this framework, it is important to start by stating that
according to the World Health Organization, the mistreatment of
women is a major public health problem, a situation that poses in
contemporary societies to face problems of psychological, sexual,
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physical and verbal nature that generate abuse and gender inequality
(Gómez, Ganga & Paillalef, 2017).
Thus, 3 out of every 10 women worldwide have been victims of physical
and/or sexual violence by men, most of which occurs in the family
setting (Osborne, 2008). Spousal violence has become one of the most
serious problems in today's society, adopting complex typologies such
as psychological, sexual, verbal and physical abuse, to the point of
causing homicide in the couple.
The man who is associated with the mistreatment of women, includes
different forms of psychological mistreatment from intimidation,
deprivation of freedom and rights to his partner. Therefore, habitual
abuse or mistreatment could be considered as a pattern of behavior.
Thus, violence against women is a harmful behavior that has been
entrenched throughout history, in the midst of a macho society,
creating inequality and violent behavior. In Colombia, the regulatory
framework in relation to domestic violence through Law 599 of 2000,
states that the person who physically or psychologically mistreats any
member of the family nucleus, incurs a crime, raising the interest of
the State in providing elements to protect the rights of women against
domestic abuse (Callejas, León & Montero, 2013).
However, in Bogota there are a large number of cases of intimate
partner violence, where the man has been the main aggressor,
presenting in 2019 a total of 11,947 cases of violence at the national
level according to the National Reference Center on violence, figures
of this being 66.14%, with a rate of 5,854 in an age range of 30 to 50
years. In the municipality of Soacha according to the Mayor's Office in
2018, prevention and awareness actions have been developed
highlighting the importance of not allowing or tolerating any type of
aggression or mistreatment towards women.
Based on the above, the following reflection arises: What are the
stereotypes and social representations of men in relation to gender
violence against women? This raises the need and relevance of
describing and analyzing the most frequent male behaviors that can
enhance aggression against women, such as alcoholism, jealousy,
economic dependence and parenting patterns.
Similarly, it is important to show in this research the typologies that
complement men's behaviors related to violence against women such
as lack of control over anger, difficulties in expressing emotions,
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cognitive distortions, deficits in communication and problem-solving
skills and low self-esteem (Loinaz, Echeburúa & Ullate, 2012).
This type of violence is a material or symbolic attack that affects
freedom and dignity and produces short-, medium- and long-term
effects on the physical, moral and psychological integrity of women
(Gines, 2012). Similarly, it is very important to note that any type of
gender-based violence represents the use of power to limit and repress
the other (Gallardo & Gallardo, 2019).
Finally, violence against women and men's behavior determine that
the worst aspect of abuse is not the violence itself but the mental
torture and living in fear and terror (Rojas et al., 2019). Therefore, the
research makes a profile of the male abuser according to the behaviors
and typologies exposed, trying to group from personal characteristics
and styles of violence. Consequently, it is necessary for the social
sciences to delve deeper into this social problem and to know more
than a stereotype or common image of men as abusive agents.
Materials and Methods
For this research it was necessary to use the historical-hermeneutic
approach, this allows an approach to the stereotypes and social
representations of men's aggressive behaviors in gender violence, this
approach allowed understanding and interpreting these social
representations in a specific context (Hidalgo & Cruz, 2015). On the
other hand, this study is descriptive, it consists of getting to know the
predominant behaviors and attitudes of men through the exact
description of the women interviewed (Britto & Marcon, 2019).
Thus, the modality according to the research was life history, where
two stories were collected and each of them with three sessions, since,
whose main object is the analysis and transcription that the researcher
performs as a result of the stories of a person about his or her life or
specific moments of it (Galeano, 2018).
On the other hand, the research procedure included 5 accounts and 6
documents extracted from third parties, i.e., accounts and
contributions made by other people on the stereotype of men in the
Life Histories (Fernández, 2015). With this modality, we come to
understand the cause and effect of men's violence against women.
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Its cognitive purpose will be descriptive, since it allows us to find more
specific aspects of how men living in commune 4 of Soacha exercise
violence against their partner or spouse. Given this, for the data
collection we made use of intermediaries, and thus we were able to
reach the president of the Junta de Acción Comunal (Community
Action Board); who coordinated and facilitated the approach with
these two women social leaders, who wanted to share their life story
since they were victims of abuse within marriage, and they are 44 and
47 years old.
Therefore, two in-depth interviews and non-participant observation of
women were carried out, and two inhabitants of commune 4 of Altos
de Cazucá in Soacha, Cundinamarca were selected.
Results
Men's behavior changes under the effects of massive alcohol
consumption, they tend to have violent behaviors and the relationship
they have with their partner becomes unstable, destroys health and
ends up completely changing the way of thinking and behavior of a
person. This, concludes that alcoholism is one of the biggest problems
that usually occur in men and mostly is a trigger for gender violence
(Sanchez & Mendez, 2015).
Therefore, the accounts affirm that the pattern of characteristics that
predict which role is assumed by whom is associated with having
suffered high levels of violence during childhood and that become
repetitive in the constitution of a family (Fiestas, Rojas, Gushiken &
Gozzer, 2012). This result is associated with alcohol consumption, low
academic level and low income (Sánchez & Méndez, 2015).
On the other hand, it is evident that women's economic dependence is
a factor of greater vulnerability, since men, by providing economic
support, influence women's domination, accentuating inequality and
imbalance in decision-making. In other words, in the women's
accounts, men exercise control over financial resources (Anacona,
2009).
In addition, there is a stereotype of men in the face of economic
violence in marriage expressing that there are different kinds of
aggressions that are not easy to perceive, since they are framed within
social scenarios where, traditionally, men have had greater control
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over women. In these cases, some men use their economic power to
control their partner, to the point of supervising and limiting the
decisions that she can make both in personal matters and in household
matters (San segundo & Codina, 2019).
For this reason, the economic violence evidenced in the two accounts
is characterized as acts of force or power exercised by the man against
the woman, as it violates her rights. This was manifested in acts that
limited, controlled or prevented the management of income within the
household, highlighting the social representations against the figure of
authority of the man and submission of the woman (López, 2017).
It is evident, in the accounts that jealousy in men is caused as a painful
consequence of frustration, a passion lived in anguish, anger, spite, a
suffering engendered and exasperated by the image of a rival (Santiago
& de Pedro, 2019). It can be said that they are a feeling that men do
not control due to the pain of frustration or excessive concern about
infidelity, thus causing an emotional disturbance that leads to the
development of behaviors such as monitoring and controlling
everything the partner does.
It is evident in the stories that men have followed a macho lineage,
where they are the ones who impose the rules in the home, have power
and dominion, and expect women to submit to their orders, and if they
do not, they become suspects of infidelity. According to the study made
in the Community Responses to Domestic Violence against Women,
machismo is one of the main causes of violence against women, as
pointed out by leaders of grassroots organizations and women who
participate in organizations (Oblitas, Cáceres & Pacheco, 2007).
In this way, in the stories it is evident that jealousy is a psychological
alteration that promotes strong reactions in men (Echeburúa, Amor &
De Corral, 2009), to illustrate the victims said how these reactions
were by their partner and as for anger, this emotion is usually
accompanied by certain physical gestures, such as frowning, clenching
teeth, feeling hot, clenching fists or swelling the jugular vein (Valiente,
2002).
It is evident that men who exercise violence against women throughout
their lives have lived with people with violent behavior, were abused
as children and witnessed violence from their father towards their
mother (De Vargas, Ropero, Amar & Amarís, 2003). Undoubtedly, it
could be said that men are not victims just because they witness
violence between their parents in childhood, but because they live in
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violence, they are victims of psychological violence, sometimes also
physical, and that they grow up believing that violence is a normal
relationship pattern between adults (Riquelme, Cánovas, Orellana &
Saéz, 2019).
Therefore, the intergenerational transmission of violence in men is
based on manifestations that are repeated from one generation to the
next, this idea is related to the theory of social learning where abusers
come from abusive families and through modeling have learned it
(Caiza, 2020). On the other hand, studies conducted with families that
present problems of violence show a predominance of authoritarian
family structures, in which the distribution of power follows the
parameters dictated by cultural stereotypes (De Vargas, Ropero, Amar,
& Amarís, 2003).
In other words, the stories reveal a hierarchical structure in which the
man predominates over his wife and children, giving him the power to
abuse. Likewise, the man tends to vent his anger specifically on the
person he perceives as more vulnerable and in a social and family
environment where it is easier to hide what has happened.
This raises a reflection on how violent men are not usually mentally ill,
but present significant psychological deficits that are susceptible to
treatment, it is a learned behavior on the part of the abuser. Therefore,
prevention of future victims also makes psychological treatment of the
aggressor advisable (Arias, Arce, & Vilariño, 2013).
It is for this reason that the relationship between cultural factors and
gender violence, there is empirical evidence that when correlating
variables such as race, color and culture, it has been found that men
who have the belief about the cultural right or acceptance as a normal
behavior of subordination of women to men (Cavanaugh and Gelles,
2005), Gamboa et al, (2016), are more convinced of their right to be
abusive or mistreating, and therefore, legitimize violence as lack of
respect, rebelliousness of the woman or inability to attend to it; as is
the case of African Americans and Latinos.
The violent man can be anyone, regardless of his socioeconomic
position, race, level of education or whether he lives in rural or urban
areas; male violence transcends any social condition, because it is a
problem of inequality in the exercise of power between men and
women (Solórzano, 2002). Furthermore, violence, as such, is the
weapon par excellence of patriarchy, neither religion, nor education,
nor laws, nor customs or any other mechanism would have achieved
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the historical submission of women, if all this had not been reinforced
with violence, a coercive device, whose objective is to oppress and
control women (Varela, 2014).
The more violent a man is, the more admirable he assumes himself to
be and the more manly he will feel within the generic codes (Ramírez,
2002).
Spousal violence is more exercised by men against women, but it is not
only about behaviors that denote that women in society demand in a
macho way to remain in her role as caregiver and organizer of the
home (Haydar, Hamodi, Salazar, Rodríguez & Jiménez, 2019). In
addition, she must be efficient in everything if she decides to reconcile
work, motherhood, family, she has to be impeccable and full of health
and of course, that she is the best sexual lover (Castañeda, 2019).
In addition to this, there is another factor that influences men to be
abusive, jealousy, which leads to aggressive behavior, which occurs
when faced with the possessive behavior of men (Bascón, Saavedra &
Arias, 2013). The reaction produced by jealousy makes men get upset
and become violent, which causes them to try to impose their authority
and react violently. This factor can be unraveled from a disease
produced by alcohol consumption, called Celotipia, strongly
associated with alcoholism (Axt, Lagos & Henríquez, 2019).
Similarly, physical violence in gender-based violence validates male
identity, as a modeling of it, as an exercise of power, presence, visibility
and group reference, respect and as a generator of fear in the other and
control of one's own fear (Menú & Segovia, 2019). Similarly, in this
type of violence the intimidation and reduction to the victim is
supported and enhances the power relationship in favor of the
aggressor, directly attacking the physical integrity through, blows,
kicks, throwing objects to the body, threatening with weapons and
other objects (Vázquez, Hurtado & Baños, 2018).
On the other hand, gender differences in status and power for men,
beliefs and behaviors in their relationships are based on an ethic of
violation and aggression towards others (Díaz & Arias 2001). Thus, in
the hierarchical structure of gender division, individual men maintain
the social, cultural, political and economic structure of oppression
towards women (Ramirez, 2002).
Therefore, it is believed in society that the female sex is synonymous
with weakness, where women can do whatever they want. Then, sexual
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violence is a form that involves acts that are considered with greater
power over the victim, the woman, who is forced against her will, it is
a problem present in all cultures and societies (Hermosa & Polo,
2018). Also, another type of violence refers to economic violence,
which is based on controlling the access of the whole family to money,
blackmail and control of family income, in order to maintain authority
and gain power within the group (Haydar, Hamodi, Salazar, Rodríguez
& Jiménez, 2019).
On the other hand, in a couple's relationship, the man is the one who
forces the other by means of force, threats, blackmail, bribery,
intimidation or any other form that annuls or limits personal will, to
have relations or perform unwanted sexual practices. This type of
violence triggers emotional and psychological reactions among which
are guilt, shame, depression, anxiety and phobias (Rodríguez,
Hernández & Tarquino, 2015).
In this sense, it is important to mention certain aspects of the historical
patriarchy that has been presented in the inequality of gender, man
and woman, there is an explanation of patriarchy as a generic social
order of power, whose prototype is the man as an order of male
dominance over women (Monge & Navas, 2000).
There is a more subtle violence that is sustained in language and
cultural representations which, when naturalized and made invisible,
guarantee success insofar as what cannot be seen is not questioned; it
is the very impossibility of being identified that sustains its ideological
function and symbolic power (Blanco, 2009). This form of violence is
very common in society and is exercised by men, but since it is so
naturalized that women are inferior to men, it is almost impossible to
notice, and in homes it is generalized that women are the housewives
and the ones who must take care of their children.
Finally, symbolic violence is instituted through the adhesion that the
dominated feels obliged to grant to the dominator (Vázquez &
Palumbo, 2019), it is also important to know that sexism is an element
present in the symbolic dimension of our culture, firstly, for a
historical question, the belief in the hierarchical and antagonistic
relationship of the masculine and the feminine is an ideology that has
been spread since the first manifestations. (Verdú & Briones, 2016).
Conclusions
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In conclusion, after showing the different stereotypes and social
representations marked by the culture of men are given by the most
common behaviors of abuse against women, it can be seen that in
society there is no single cause that diagnoses the violent behavior of
men against women, but there are many factors that react in different
ways, thus generating different behaviors of abuse associated in the
research with alcohol consumption, jealousy, economic dependence
and parenting patterns.
Therefore, being under the consumption of alcohol tends to increase
dangerous compulsive behaviors, where the highest rate is known
through compulsive jealousy, exercising psychological, verbal, sexual
and physical abuse. In addition, the man creates a position of
superiority over the woman, due to the patterns of upbringing he had
in his childhood, believing himself to be the owner of her economic
income and commanding over the decision making in her life. Finally,
we seek to highlight the image of the male aggressor according to his
exposed behaviors, using grouping strategies in relation to his
particularities and ways of using violence.
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