https://doi.org/10.37955/cs.v5i3.151
Received November 12, 2020 / Approved April, 03 2021 Pages: 88-102
eISSN: 2600-5743
Aging, a contemporary social
problem relevant to social science
intervention from the perspective
of family abandonment
El envejecimiento, un problema social
contemporáneo pertinente para la intervención
en las Ciencias Sociales desde el abandono
familiar
Kimberlin Gisella Castiblanco Infante
Teacher, Corporación Universitaria Minuto De Dios Social worker in training, belonging to the
research group "la hoja" of the Social Work program Soacha Regional Center - Cundinamarca,
kcastiblan9@uniminuto.edu.co https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1988-7321
Jenny Alejandra Rosero Cañón
Teacher, Corporación Universitaria Minuto De Dios Social worker in training, belonging to the
research group "la hoja" of the Social Work program Soacha Regional Center - Cundinamarca,
jroserocano@uniminuto.edu.co, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0275-4725
Darwin Alexis Cruz García
Teacher, Corporación Universitaria Minuto De Dios Social Worker, Master in Political Studies,
belonging to the Colciencias Nexos group: Narratives and experiences of organizations and subjects -
Colombia and leader of the TRSO program's seedbed "la hoja", Soacha regional center,
darwin.cruz@uniminuto.edu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1858-1945
Abstract
The work raises a reflection on the aging process and how it affects
social science interventions from family abandonment, this allows
describing how productivity relationships, stereotypes, social
representations and emotions show social judgments based on
prejudices and imaginary that does not value the social contribution
and accentuates the state of vulnerability. This research procedure is
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proposed from the life history modality with a hermeneutical historical
focus over a period of 2 years that describes the social and family crisis
that aging faces as it is related to non-productivity, changes in roles
and emotions that occur within the framework of the breakdown of
family affective bonds, as well as lack of protection, exclusion and
isolation, collecting information through 6 in-depth interviews and
non-participant observation guides. Therefore, the reflection proposes
describing how aging as a contemporary social problem influences
social science interventions from family abandonment. Consequently,
interventions in the social sciences must recognize aging as an element
of transformation and change in the social and family context that
consolidates processes based on social ties and representations.
Resumen
El trabajo plantea una reflexión frente al proceso de envejecimiento y
como este incide en las intervenciones de las ciencias sociales a partir
del abandono familiar, esto permite describir como las relaciones de
productividad, los estereotipos, las representaciones sociales y las
emociones muestran juicios sociales fundamentados por prejuicios e
imaginarios que no da valor a la contribución social y acentúa el estado
de vulnerabilidad. Este procedimiento de investigación se plantea
desde la modalidad de historia de vida con enfoque histórico
hermenéutico en un periodo de 2 años que describe la crisis social y
familiar que afronta el envejecimiento al ser relacionado con la no
productividad, cambios de roles y emociones que se dan en el marco
de la ruptura de los vínculos afectivos familiares, así como la
desprotección, exclusión y aislamiento, haciendo la recolección de
información por medio de 6 entrevistas a profundidad y guías de
observación no participante. Por tanto, la reflexión plantea describir
como el envejecimiento como problema social contemporáneo influye
en las intervenciones de las ciencias sociales desde el abandono
familiar. Por consiguiente, las intervenciones en las ciencias sociales
deben reconocer el envejecimiento como elemento de transformación
y cambio en el contexto social y familiar que consolida procesos a
partir de vínculos y representaciones sociales.
Palabras clave/ Keywords
Aging, intervention, social representations, linkages.
Envejecimiento, intervención, representaciones sociales, vínculos.
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Introduction
The current condition of aging is of great concern in the Colombian
context due to the increase in the abandonment of the elderly by their
family nucleus because of the transformations in the dynamics and
roles assigned from productivity that affect their status in modernity.
Therefore, aging in the contemporary context faces a crisis at the social
level articulated to the little or no productivity, likewise, it reflects a
family crisis that denotes a burden that affects the dynamics, roles,
status that influence the abandonment or exile and that poses
challenges to the social sciences.
This situation in the social sciences poses in the family a scenario
where the bonds as indispensable components to guarantee the full
exercise of rights such as health, equality and development of the
elderly are blurred. This exposes interventions in the family that
attempt to affect the exclusion of the older adult in the community
environment, based on discrimination and segregation. Thus, this
scenario poses for the social sciences interventions that affect neglect,
inattention and violation in aging (Ruvalcaba, 2005).
In this way, aging is experiencing a worrying situation to the extent
that in different countries there is evidence of a high rate of
abandonment and neglect (Esquivel & García, 2017). García, 2017),
according to a study conducted by the National System for the Integral
Development of the Family in Mexico in 2019 of 13 million elderly
people 16% of this population is in a state of abandonment, lack of
protection and isolation, a situation that alters family dynamics and
requires new forms in the intervention of social sciences (Valdivia,
2016), (Barros-Bastidas & Gebera, 2020). Similarly, according to a
study conducted by the National University of Central Peru in the
District of Viques, 67.5% of family members do not contribute to the
protection and emotional or economic support of the elderly, a
situation that accentuates the social representations regarding the
aging stage of people, making this population group highly vulnerable.
Likewise, according to the indicators of the Ministry of Social
Protection (2010), in Colombia there were 45 509 584 inhabitants, of
which approximately 4 459 784 are over 65 years of age and 8% of this
population is in a situation of family abandonment. This represents for
the field of social sciences a challenge in the intervention of the family
that allows providing answers to the demands and needs of a
vulnerable population such as the elderly (Amarís & Arrieta, 2012).
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Thus, the constant accompaniment and care that the family should
provide during the aging process is a right and a duty for both parties,
considering that it is part of the dignity of old age. However, the
contemporary reality denotes the rupture of affective family ties and
reflects that the older adult is in a state of loneliness, abandonment
and vulnerability, allowing to have an overview of the role played by
the nuclear family, to the extent that it is considered the main entity of
protection and support of individuals.
Similarly, the incidence of the economic and emotional factor in aging,
providing relevant contributions that denote a broad panorama
regarding the rupture of affective family ties and changes. Likewise, it
is suggested that the devaluation of aging is permeated by historical
and cultural evolution, prejudices and stereotypes rooted in society
(Vélez, 2009).
From the above, the need arises to delve into aging, mainly to know
and describe how social science interventions affect the decrease in
family abandonment. This allows identifying aspects related to
productivity, social representations, bonds and emotions (Valdivia et
al., 2016), related to contemporary problems of the social sciences.
Therefore, the study focuses on trying to describe aging in order to
determine how social science interventions in the field of the family
discourage the abandonment of the elderly and move towards the
regasification of old age. In this sense, the research group reflects on
the following questions: How is aging approached by the social
sciences from the point of view of family abandonment?
Finally, the relevance of this reflection on aging poses the social
sciences to structure interventions that reduce vulnerability in the
family scenario. In such a way that it can understand the capacity to
transform and change social representations.
Materials and Methods
The research process is descriptive in nature, since it intends to know
and determine how aging is approached from the social sciences from
the institutionalized family abandonment in the Remanso de Paz
Foundation located in Soacha. In this way, this institution is taken as
a reference due to the latent realities in the stage of aging in the
abandonment of the elderly.
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It is a non-profit entity, which houses older adults who are in a state of
family abandonment, currently there are 16 institutionalized older
adults in an age range of 65 to 78 years, where the main objective of
the entity is to provide protection and shelter to the elderly who are in
a state of abandonment.
Thus, the study allows obtaining information on the experiences and
perceptions of older adults regarding interventions from the social
sciences (Abreu, 2012). This allows to know and determine the
incidence of economic, emotional and cultural factors in family
abandonment for the description of the results obtained from the
experience.
On the other hand, the approach used in this research is the historical
hermeneutic approach, which is used to understand situations,
contexts, particularities, symbologies, imaginaries, meanings and
perceptions (Ortiz, 2011). In this way, it made possible the
understanding, interpretation and identification of the internal
motives of human action in the face of the problem of aging that is
manifested in the abandonment of the elderly by their relatives in the
remanso de paz foundation (Rueda, Ríos & Nieves, 2009).
Likewise, this approach facilitates the understanding of a
phenomenon through the experiences of individuals, which provides
the necessary elements to construct meaning based on the perception
of the older adult, where the subjective aspect was valued in the
process of knowledge construction.
Thus, the sample was filtered through the implementation of 23
surveys to the elderly population of Soacha belonging to the Remanso
de paz Foundation, from which 6 elderly people were selected who had
as characteristics family abandonment, emotional problems and
interventions in social sciences.
Finally, for the collection of information, 6 in-depth interviews were
conducted with older adults in an age range of 70 to 80 years old,
institutionalized in the Remanso de Paz Foundation in a condition of
family abandonment, who were selected according to: age group, time
of the scenario and feasibility of the research study, during the
development of the in-depth interview, non-participant observation
was implemented in order to understand the perception and
experience of the participants in the face of abandonment.
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Results
Consequently, it is evident in the life histories that people between 60
and 65 years of age have greater difficulty in finding employment, with
the productive factor being one of the most marked problems in the
aging stage (Hernández, 2009). This poses a challenge for the social
sciences in relation to the recognition of skills and abilities that
activate productivity in aging, since institutionalized older adults do
not have the economic income to meet their needs and consequently
face a social crisis as they are configured within a framework of
unproductivity and burden for their families.
Aging brings problems in the family environment, since at the end of
their active life they are seen as an economic burden (Núñez,
Hernández, González, Quintero & Escalona, 2014). This is manifested
in the discourses of the 6 life stories when they reflect discrimination
and rejection due to the loss of productive capacities or not having the
possibility of contributing income to the family dynamics. Therefore,
this leads to the rupture of the affective family interaction, so that the
older adult does not have the inputs for physical, emotional and
economic self-valence (Cabrera, 2013).
As evidenced in the Remanso de Paz Foundation, where 5 of the 6 older
adults state that one of the reasons why they are in absolute family
abandonment is the lack of economic income to meet their needs. This
leads the social sciences to reflect on how to structure interventions
that can position the elderly in productive life (Rodriguez, 2008).
On the other hand, it is possible to understand that social
representations have a direct influence on the neglect and lack of
family protection towards the elderly, to the extent that the culture
adopted by contemporary society does not consider the elderly person
as an example to follow or as an individual with experiences,
knowledge and capabilities (Toledo, 2011). This panorama poses a
challenge to the social sciences on how to fit aging in an industrialized,
productive world, that is, in the social machinery that reflects respect
and protection for the elderly (Zavala, Vidal, Quiroga & Klassen,
2006).
Consequently, the research shows that the older person is socially
stereotyped to the extent that there is no favorable and accurate
definition of old age, which is limited to a framework of labor
productivity without considering the potential, knowledge and social
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role of the older population (Vélez et al., 2009). Life histories face
social segregation, since they are considered isolated in family and
social scenarios, economically dependent and with a decrease in status
(Méndez, 2012). Therefore, the influence of contemporary social
perception in the family abandonment of the institutionalized elderly
individual in the Remanso de Paz Foundation is evidenced.
On the other hand, the research showed that social science
interventions in the neglect of the elderly are permeated by the
transformation in the conceptualization that takes place in the life
cycle of longevity (Vélez et al., 2009), since the changes that have been
generated in the course of time with respect to the concept of the
elderly have varied. According to the accounts, these changes were
evidenced in the value of their grandparents and parents in society,
where they were considered a being of wisdom, knowledge, an
extraordinary being worthy of admiration and respect, as well as, the
family of this population was the first entity of protection, care and
support of the older adult (Méndez, 2012).
However, as stated by the older adults interviewed, this concept has
been transformed and is increasingly distant from what was believed
a few years ago, since it has gone from having a positive to a negative
evaluation (Vélez et al., 2009). On the other hand, the
conceptualization of this has become a social construction influenced
by stereotypes, self-stereotypes and prejudices, related to the
chronological, biological or health, psychological or emotional and
sociological or community (Rello, Bravo & Plata, 2018).
Likewise, these beliefs that are rooted in the collective imaginary are
in turn supported by cultural situations such as the country's
neoliberal system and the predominance of the dialectic of production,
as well as, power relations, which are determining many dimensions
of the meaning of aging and of the actions that are aimed at
guaranteeing rights, ensuring well-being and dignified living
conditions (Klein, 2018).
That is to say that, according to the older adults of the Remanso de paz
foundation, the main perspectives from which social science
interventions on aging are currently intended are biased and
emphasize a lacking, unproductive, dependent and incapable state
(Vélez, 2009). This results in a decrease in the social and family
valuation of aging, one of the reasons why today the family no longer
appears as the main entity of protection and family ties are blurred as
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indispensable components to guarantee the full exercise of rights
(Fernández, 2009).
On the other hand, the reflection on family dysfunctionality as a
psychosocial factor that indexes aging, since this problem is influenced
by the lack of affective bonds and relationships within the family
(Chande, 2000). These elements are relevant for the structure of
interventions from the social sciences.
Then, it is important to highlight that in one of the relevant results in
the research procedure is to be able to identify the relationship
between social representations and intervention in the social sciences,
showing a reciprocity in the stereotypes in front of aging, this
characterized by a framework of mutual correspondence in front of the
evasion of responsibilities to the older adult in the family environment
(Klein, 2018). That is, in their role as parents, older adults did not
fulfill their legal obligations or were not present in the lives of their
children, generating a rupture in the filial relationship generating
detachment (Cardona & Peláez, 2012).
Therefore, in the life stories it was possible to identify generational
conflict and affective bonds as an influential factor due to the fact that
in an adult stage the children were involved in the couple's problems
with the purpose of generating cohesion of alliances, this caused the
son to create rejection, hatred and to move away from him in the aging
stage (Klein, 2018). Therefore, in aging is framed in the family context
in the life histories of the present study changing forms of cohabitation
according to the evolutionary cycle and the generational role that
converges in aging (Valdivia, 2016).
Finally, the life histories are framed in the abandonment of the older
adult in the family context, the scenario of social science intervention,
to the extent that the family fails to adapt to the implementation of new
limits, hierarchical systems, roles and rules, communication patterns
that break stereotypes and transform social representations in aging.
Consequently, social science interventions determine a set of
variations and deteriorations at the functional, morphological, and
psychological level in the elderly person, which leads to emotional
imbalance and a period of crisis in the family (Amaris & Arrieta, 2012).
This raises a reflection on how social science interventions in the aging
stage conceive production relations in the valuation of aging as a non-
useful and productive stage by which many older adults are in a state
of family abandonment, since they are immersed in a social judgment
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process (Núñez, Hernández, González, Quintero & Escalona, 2014).
Therefore, in the contemporary context, aging does not fit into the
productive sphere and consequently they face a family crisis that
denotes the rupture of affective bonds, neglect and abandonment,
being the scenario of intervention of the social sciences.
According to the above, productivity relationships impose a meaning,
readjustment and change in aging, to the extent that this event is
generally considered as negative for family and social scenarios
(Herrera, 2008), since the evolutionary cycle of the family does not
foresee the changes and the conjunctural problems, generally of an
economic nature that an older adult enters. Therefore, the social
sciences must identify the contemporary family dynamics that limit
and blur the status and role of the older adult in a framework of
productivity (Mondragón, Santamaria & Izaola, 2015).
On the other hand, it is worth noting that other research on the culture
adopted by contemporary society and its influence on abandonment is
influenced by stereotypes and prejudices that generate conceptions of
aging in relation to discrimination and all kinds of violence (Vélez,
2009). Consequently, the devaluation of the social image limits an
adequate integration of aging in the family and social environment
(Toledo, 2011).
Therefore, contemporary culture generates new family structures that
use stereotypes and negative beliefs about aging, where the challenge
of social sciences is to promote family dynamics that ensure the well-
being of the elderly (Colombo, Angarita, Gatto, Bessolo, Calderón,
Miranda & Veiga, 2013). However, the social sciences should not only
be concerned with the older adult population, but also with generating
conscious actions in young people regarding the aging process in order
to transform stereotypes beyond the productive (Valdés, 2012).
The problem of abandonment of the elderly is largely due to the
transformation of the concept of the person in the longevity cycle. This
raises a reflection on the conceptualization of the elderly from a broad
and general worldview, where the influence of perceptions,
conceptions and assessments on aging is evident from different
disciplines such as biological, socioeconomic and sociocultural
(Mondragón, Santamaria & Izaola, 2015).
According to the above, from the biological approach, the
conceptualization of the older adult is based on the organic and
cellular deterioration of an individual in the evolutionary stage
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(Lozano, 1999). In other words, there is no close correspondence
between some biological events and chronological age, but rather it is
something of a genetic and hereditary nature.
However, the elderly and aging cannot be conceptualized assuming
that the biological character cannot be changed or that it is an
ahistorical process, but that the influence of man's relationship with
nature must be contemplated (Cardona & Peláez, 2012). Thus, the
conceptualization of the elderly ceases to be an element linked purely
to the biological and becomes a cultural construction that is influenced
by the historical situation at different times by segregation, exclusion
and isolation (Martínez, Polo & Carrasco, 2002).
Likewise, the conceptualization of the elderly, being a cultural
construction, is influenced by stereotypes and prejudices (Vélez,
2009). This poses a relationship with the chronological, biological and
psychological, leaving as a central axis the inability of the elderly to
adapt to the social system, the structure of society and its production
structure, reducing the social and family valuation of old age.
On the other hand, the socioeconomic approach suggests that it is not
possible to conceptualize the older adult to the extent that he or she is
no longer useful in terms of work, since in countries such as those of
Latin America many older adults have to continue working due to high
poverty rates (Lozano, 1999). In this sense, the factor that most
influences the abandonment of the older adult and that should be of
interest to the social sciences is the emotional factor (Toledo, 2011),
since the rupture of family relationships, as well as the absence of the
older person within the family nucleus leads to a mutual
correspondence, generating an evasion of responsibilities.
However, not only the conflictive family relationship influences, but
also the family cycle of the empty nest, where the children of older
adults decide to migrate to other places in order to generate a better
quality of life for their families (Klein, 2018). This raises characteristics
where the older adult is mostly the one who pushes people away, since,
when he/she reaches the cycle of longevity when establishing contact
with other people is hostile, aggressive, evasive and apathetic, which
causes this social isolation and the deterioration of social and family
relationships (Rello, Bravo & Plata, 2018).
Finally, the indifferent parent-child relationship is a factor that
significantly influences the abandonment of the older adult, given that,
in this sense, the family feels that the older person is a burden and
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therefore proceeds to make decisions and take actions such as
institutionalizing or simply abandoning him/her (Toledo, 2011).
Conclusions
Therefore, family abandonment in the aging stage is a reality that
reflects the state of vulnerability and lack of protection in which older
adults find themselves and is of great interest to the social sciences,
since in the contemporary context, transformations in social and
family dynamics are evident. In which, professionals provide tools to
face family crises and reflect a role in the transformation of aging that
positions beyond the role, links and status of this population.
Likewise, the social sciences must provide tools to face the social crisis
at the moment when productive relationships come to an end, since
discrimination and segregation are evident, emphasized in stereotypes
and prejudices that point to the elderly from a framework of non-
productivity, being socially considered as economically dependent,
non-propositional and vulnerable persons.
As a consequence, family dysfunctionality is a psychosocial factor that
is an index in the abandonment of the elderly, since this problem is
influenced by the lack of affective bonds and relationships within the
family. The social sciences must have the capacity to identify the
transformation in the coexistence in the evolutionary cycle of
longevity.
Finally, the social sciences should, through their interventions,
influence social representations of aging and not only relate it to the
productive context but also go beyond it in the recognition of an
accumulated knowledge and the possibility of reconfiguring a social
status within the framework of experiences, of an accumulated
knowledge that allows for strengthening in the family and social
scenario.
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