A cry for help uncovers the

behavior of an abusive man

Una voz de auxilio descubre el comportamiento

de un hombre maltratador

Daniela González Otzeta1

Manuela Martínez Landinez2

Darwin Alexis Cruz García3

Abstract

This text describes the most frecuently

male abuse behaviors reflected in the

two women interviewed in the Soacha

Cundinamarca sector, commune 4,

Altos de Cazucá, being one of the

sectors most vulnerable by violence

against women; in this way, two in-

depth and non-participating interviews

were conducted. This study seeks to

describe the methodology that was

used for the development of this

research showing its type, its approach,

its life history modality and the

instruments. In addition to that, the most

relevant units of analysis that show

such behaviors were raised as;

alcoholism, jealousy, economic

dependence and parenting patterns.

These have been very useful in finding

the desired results in order to answer

the central question of the research:

What are the behaviors of the man that

induce aggression against women

between the age of 30 to 50 years of the

commune 4, Cazucá of the municipality

of Soacha?.

Keywords: Woman, mistreatment,

man, behavior.

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1 Dr, Corporación Universitaria Minuto De Dios, Soacha

(Cundinamarca) - Colombia, dgonzalezot@uniminuto.edu.co,

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4378-3407

2 Dr. Corporación Universitaria Minuto De Dios , Soacha

(Cundinamarca) - Colombia,

mmartinezl9@uniminuto.edu.co, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-

3038-6034

3 Dr. Corporación Universitaria Minuto De Dios , Soacha

(Cundinamarca) - Colombia, darwin.cruz@uniminuto.edu,

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1858-1945

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Resumen

El presente texto describe los

comportamientos de maltrato del

hombre más patentes reflejados en las

dos mujeres entrevistadas del sector de

Soacha Cundinamarca, comuna 4,

Altos de Cazucá, siendo uno de los

sectores más vulnerados por la

violencia a la mujer; de esta manera, se

realizaron dos entrevistas a

profundidad y no participante. Este

estudio busca describir la metodología

que fue utilizada para el desarrollo de

esta investigación mostrando su tipo,

su enfoque, su modalidad historia de

vida y los instrumentos. Además de

eso, se plantearon las unidades de

análisis más relevantes que muestran

dichos comportamientos como; el

alcoholismo, los celos, la dependencia

económica y pautas de crianza. Estos,

han sido de gran utilidad para hallar los

resultados deseados con el fin de dar

respuesta a la pregunta central de la

investigación: ¿Cuáles son los

comportamientos del hombre que

inducen a la agresión contra la mujer

entre la edad de 30 a 50 años de la

comuna 4, Cazucá del municipio de

Soacha?

Palabras clave: Mujer, maltrato,

hombre, comportamiento.

Introduction

Within a large scenario of violence against women, there is an interest in investigating

the most obvious behaviors of men's reaction to their partner, so as a research group

we seek to present and understand the most common scenarios of violence in the lives

of women (World Health Organization, 2017), so that several international

organizations such as the United Nations, World Health Organization, victims of

violence; catalog the mistreatment of women as a major public health problem (World

Health Organization, 2017). Therefore, women in contemporary society face

psychological, sexual, physical and verbal problems by men generating abuse and

inequality in women. (Medisan, 2011).

Thus, it is manifested that there is a high percentage of women worldwide who have

been victims of physical and/or sexual violence by their partner or sexual violence by

a person other than their partner at some point in their lives (UN Women, 2019).

Therefore, in the municipality of Soacha, prevention and awareness-raising actions

have been developed highlighting the importance of not allowing or tolerating any type

of aggression or abuse against women (Alcaldía Municipal de Soacha, 2017).

Similarly, all violence against women is rejected in the municipality of Soacha, which

is why the former municipal mayor Eleazar González joins the campaign

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#TodoSomosTodas and proceeds to the call to women who feel violated; not to be

afraid and report. So that in this way Soacha will be free of all violence against women.

(Castellanos, 2017). Considering that this municipality has stood up against the

mistreatment of women, as a research group we have selected one of the most

vulnerable communities of Soacha which is, Comuna 4, Cazucá.

At this point, based on the problems presented, the research question that was

formulated was the following: What are the behaviors of men that induce aggression

against women aged 30-50 years, in the commune 4, Cazucá of the municipality of

Soacha, Cundinamarca? In order to answer this question, it is important to describe

and carry out an exhaustive investigation of some of the most frequent male behaviors

that induce aggression against women, these are: alcoholism, jealousy, economic

dependence and parenting patterns; in addition to highlighting the consequences that

these behaviors leave on women.

Now it can be said that all abuse brings with it a consequence, which is why the WHO

multi-country study states that women who are victims of physical abuse suffer

ailments, health difficulties and many physical or mental problems that have been

generated through the abuse caused years ago (World Health Organization, 2010).

Therefore, psychological abuse is a reflection of the different behaviors of men, since

they use a subtle and intelligent way so that their bad actions are not detected, leading

women to confront them in multiple ways: reproaches, insults, threats, fear, even

provoking suicide. As a result of all this, it became evident that 81% of the women have

thought of committing suicide. That 63% of abused women attempted suicide and

required medical assistance to save their lives and sadly, 18% of this population

committed suicide as a way out of the situation of violence they were living (Lorente,

2006).

Likewise, sexual abuse is carried out against the woman's will because only the man

satisfies his own sexual desires, his behavior is forced and he wants to force the

woman to have sexual relations. Therefore, the WHO defines sexual abuse as any

sexual act, where their actions to otherwise use the sexuality of women is through

coercion by another person, regardless of the relationship of this person with the victim,

in any setting, including at home and in the workplace, this type of abuse and behavior

is exposed to painful sexual practices (WHO.2002). Similarly, it is very important to

note that sexual abuse represents the ultimate humiliation and subjugation of women

to men for the purpose of using their power to limit and force women into total

submission (James, 2008).

Therefore, verbal abuse presents many possible variants such as direct insult,

humiliating tone, the imposition of a norm that is established by an environment where

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the victimizer thinks he thinks he is a better person and begins to ridicule her with

mocking comments, most victims say that verbal attacks are more repugnant than the

physical violence experienced. Violence against women and health determines that

"the worst aspect of abuse is not the violence itself but the "mental torture" and "living

in fear and terror" (Ruiz, n.d.).

In short, in the course of this investigative article, we will continue to develop the

research that was carried out of the three most relevant aggressive behaviors of the

male victimizer to the female victim that are exposed both in the conjugal relationship

and in the society that surrounds it; which are: Psychological, sexual and verbal abuse,

in addition to the risks involved and as Social Workers to sensitize women to alert this

type of social problem so aberrant and unheard of today; so that women can take

ownership of their lives, their rights as human beings, their value in society and

performance in their families.

Materials and methods

For this research it was necessary to use the historical-hermeneutic approach, since

this approach presents a look at women who have been victims of men's aggressive

behavior and therefore have suffered some type of violence; this is an investigative

approach, which seeks to understand and interpret a phenomenon or a reality in a

specific context. It is thus, where it allows to interpret the reality of the individual, the

woman. (Dilthey, 2015). On the other hand, this study is descriptive, it consists of

getting to know the predominant behaviors and attitudes of men through the exact

description of the women interviewed (Miró, 1944). For this reason, it was chosen

because the research is descriptive.

On the other hand, the modality according to the research was life history, where two

stories were collected and each of them with three sessions, since, whose main object

is the analysis and transcription that the researcher performs as a result of the stories

of a person about his life or specific moments of it (Martín, 1995) and also about the

stories and documents extracted from third parties, that is, stories and contributions

made by others about the subject of the life history (Perelló, 2009), 1995) and also on

the stories and documents extracted from third parties, that is, stories and contributions

made by other people about the subject of the Life History (Perelló, 2009) with this

modality, it is possible to understand how the events that the women who have been

victims have had to go through were.

Its cognitive purpose will be exploratory in nature, since it will allow us to find more

specific aspects of how women in that community are affected by some type of violence

or how they have been affected throughout their lives.

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Given this, for data collection we made use of intermediaries, and so we were able to

reach the president of the Junta de Acción Comunal, who coordinated and facilitated

the approach with these two women social leaders, who wanted to share their life story

as they were victims of abuse within marriage, and are aged 44 and 47 years.

Given the above, two in-depth interviews and non-participant observation of women

were carried out, and two (2) inhabitants of commune 4 (Altos de Cazucá) Soacha,

Cundinamarca were selected.

Results

Through the accounts acquired by the two women it was possible to identify that the

behavior of the human being can change under the effects of massive alcohol

consumption since it brings as a consequence changes in personality, the person who

consumes this type of substance tends to have violent behaviors, and the relationship

they have with their partner becomes unstable, because it leads to increase abuse

since they are driven to have inappropriate behaviors, alcohol is a powerful drug, which

destroys health and ends up completely changing the way of thinking and behavior of

a person, (Sanchez.E, 2019). All this, concludes that alcoholism is one of the biggest

problems that usually occur in couples, since the person does not recognize his

mistake, claiming that he can quit at any time but it is a lie, he does not realize that

consumption to that substance is turned into a disease. (World Health Organization,

2004).

Therefore, it was evident from the women who were sampled in the life history

methodology that alcohol consumption is one of the direct causes of conjugal violence,

because they have testified that throughout their lives the influence it has had on their

partners brought with it both physical and psychological mistreatment. In addition,

harmful alcohol consumption is one of the 50 risk factors in intimate partner violence

and sexual violence, a significant percentage of abusers abuse alcohol or are

dependent on this substance (World Health Organization, 2010). Therefore (Fiestas,

Rojas, Gushiken, & Gozzer, 2012) affirm that the pattern of characteristics that predict

the role assumed by each person is associated with having suffered high levels of

violence during childhood, having a favorable attitude towards violence, consuming

alcohol excessively, not having an academic degree and having low economic income

(Sánchez, M. D. P. M., & Méndez, M. G. 2015).

On the other hand, it is evident that due to the economic dependence that some of the

women acquire while in a relationship is a fact of vulnerability, since their partner by

the fact of providing economic support they believe they are the owners of the women

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making them lose their honor and decision making. According to the study of physical,

psychological, emotional, sexual and economic abuse in courtship, it forces the other

person to depend economically on the aggressor, not allowing her to work or by other

means; to exercise control over the financial resources of the victim or to exploit her

economically. The items on this abuse are: "He stole money from you", "He did not let

you work or study or forced you to abandon a job or studies you had been doing" and

"He demanded that you give him the money you had earned in your work or by other

means." (Rey-Anacona, C. A.2009).

In addition, there is a look at economic violence in marriage expressing that there are

different kinds of aggressions that are not easy to perceive, since they are framed

within social scenarios where, traditionally, men have had greater control over women.

In these cases, some men use their economic power to control their partner, to the

point of supervising and limiting the decisions that she can make both in personal

matters and in matters pertaining to the household (The Statement of Legal Affairs,

2016).

For this reason, economic violence is defined as any act of force or power exercised

against women that violates their economic rights. In her study, she says that economic

violence manifests itself through acts aimed at limiting, controlling or preventing the

income from her economic perceptions. The aggressor prevents the victim from

working outside the home, controls her income or the way she spends the money she

obtains, is economically violating her partner (López, 2017).

It is evident in the analysis of the research carried out that jealousy in couples is caused

in sudden occasions, jealousy is a painful consequence of frustration; a passion lived

in anguish, in anger, in spite, a suffering engendered and exasperated by the image of

a rival. (Henry Ey, 1948). It can be said that jealousy is a feeling that the person does

not control because of the pain of frustration, because of the threat of the loss of a

loved one. This is one of the most frequent cases that appear in couple relationships,

leading to such a point to a murder, or strong beating of the partner.

Previously and currently, the culture of men has followed a macho line, where the man

is the one who imposes the rules of the household, believing he has the power and

dominance, pretending that women submit to his orders and if they do not, they

become suspects of infidelity. According to the study carried out in the Community

Responses to Domestic Violence against Women, machismo is one of the main

causes of violence against women, as pointed out by leaders of grassroots

organizations, women who participate in organizations and women who do not

participate in organizations (Oblitas, Cáceres & Pacheco, 2007). Jealousy is a

psychological alteration that promotes quite strong reactions in men, to better illustrate,

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with the two cases that were collected in the research, the victims told how these

reactions were on the part of their partner and as for anger, this emotion is usually

accompanied by certain physical gestures, such as frowning , clenching the

Echeburúa, Amor & Fernández-Montalvo, 2002; Tobeña, 2001).

It is evident that women who have been victims of spousal abuse throughout their lives

have lived with people (family members) with violent behaviors, and that these people

can naturalize violence in their lives and continue with this paradigm. Children are not

victims just because they witness violence between their parents but because they

"live in violence". They are victims of psychological violence, sometimes also physical,

and they grow up believing that violence is a normal relationship pattern among adults

(Asensi, 2007).

Therefore, it must be affirmed that in their childhood they were victims of abandonment

by their father figure, since they looked to their partner to replace the father they did

not have, trying to fill those gaps, women associate this with their fear of abandonment.

Therefore, they tend to have this emotional attachment. In a study similar to the one

proposed (Astudillo Iglesias, M. A., & Brito Lucero, M. R. 2019) refer to the academic

university of Christian humanism in Chile, and conclude that the absence of the father

figure in adolescence is a risk factor that affects at different levels in the field of affective

development that comes from the family, just as, that the vision of gender that is

achieved by growing up without a father figure affects the stability of their interpersonal

relationships, as well as psychological repercussions, such as depression, fear of

abandonment, unstable relationships, cognitive difficulties and behavioral problems

(Ordóñez & Rojas, 2013). Rojas, 2013).

As expressed by (Vicuña, M., & Nathhaly, N. 2018) the evils suffered by women victims

of violence are not insignificant. The whole personality is destabilized. They feel shame

of the violation suffered, of the denial of their free will and of their physical or

psychological integrity. They feel guilt for not having desisted in some way, they always

present fear, insecurity, distrust, uncertainty and deep frustration. This factor favors

violence when there is little clarity in emotions, lack of resources for their expression,

lack of control, lack of limits, low self-esteem, type of coping, negative assertiveness,

meaning of violence and personality disorder or character traits (Henales-Almaraz, M.

C.., Sánchez-Bravo, C., Meléndez, J. C., & Espíndola-Hernández, G. 2007).

Moreover, violence, as such, is the weapon par excellence of patriarchy. Neither

religion, nor education, nor laws, nor customs, nor any other mechanism would have

achieved the historical submission of women, if all this had not been reinforced with

violence, a coercive device, whose objective is to oppress and control women, thus

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being an extreme expression of the power that men intend to exercise over them (Nuria

Varela, 2008).

There are different compositions since any action or conduct that causes death, harm,

physical or psychological suffering to either spouse, whether in the public or private

sphere, taking place within the family or in any other interpersonal relationship.

Common among these are rape, physical or psychological mistreatment and sexual

abuse. In Colombia, spousal violence is more generalized against women (Duque &

Vieco, 2012). More is not only about behaviors that men respond to women, that is, in

general, women are required to remain in their role of caregiver and organizer of the

home, in addition, they must be efficient in everything if they decide to combine work,

motherhood, and family. She has to be impeccable and in good health. And of course,

she must be the best sexual lover (Bedmar, 2017). In addition to this, there is one more

factor that influences the abuse in women, jealousy, these drive to have aggressive

behaviors, affirms (Díaz Pomé, 2009) saying that jealousy, occurs before the

possessive behavior of the partner. The reaction produced by jealousy makes people

get upset and become violent, which causes them to try to impose their authority and

react violently. This factor can develop from a disease caused by alcohol consumption,

called jealousy, strongly associated with alcoholism (López Paredes & Orellana, 2013).

In another case, the psychological sequelae that follow from the other types of harm,

for example, are not only the negative psychological effects experienced by the victim

of repeated beatings. But also, emotional violence is a specific type of violence. It is

any omission or action that causes or can directly cause psychological harm. It usually

uses language, both verbal and gestural. It is paradigmatically represented by the

insult (Sanmartín Esplugues, 2007) in the same way, physical violence, in gender

violence, validates masculine identity, as a modeling of it, of the exercise of power, of

presence, of visibility and group reference, of respect and as a generator of fear in the

other and control of one's own fear, through bravery (Santini, 2013). Similarly, in this

type of violence is the use of some weapon, which intimidates and reduces the victim

in a way that supports and enhances the power relationship in favor of the aggressor,

directly attacking physical integrity through, "blows, kicks, throwing objects to the body,

threatening with weapons and other objects." (Duque & Vieco, 2012). Another type of

violence refers to economic violence, which is based on controlling the access of the

whole family to money, blackmail and control of family income, in order to maintain

authority and gain power within the group (Duque & Vieco, 2012).

On the other hand, one of the most important causes of violence against women is

gender differences in status and power (Díaz-Aguado, M. J., & Arias, R. M. 2001).

Therefore, it is believed in society that the female sex is synonymous with weakness,

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where one can do whatever one wants with it. Sexual violence is a form that involves

acts of a sexual nature, since it is considered to have greater power over the victim,

the woman, who is forced against her will. Sexual violence is a problem present in all

cultures and societies as a type of violence. (Garcia, R. C. 1997). On the other hand,

in a couple's relationship, one of the partners forces the other by means of force, threat,

blackmail, bribery, intimidation or any other form that annuls or limits personal will, to

have relations or to carry out unwanted sexual practices. This type of violence triggers

emotional and psychological reactions among which are guilt, shame, depression,

anxiety, phobias, etc. (Rodríguez Rodríguez, Hernández Cortés, & Tarquino Bulla,

2015).

It is important to mention certain aspects of the historical patriarchy that has been

presented in the inequality of gender, man and woman, there is an explanation of

patriarchy as a generic social order of power, whose prototype is man. It is an order of

male dominance over women (Falcón Caro, 2002). Culture defines the rights,

responsibilities and identities of women in relation to men and vice versa. They imply

questioning the social assignment of roles to women, since they have not yet achieved

democratization in the family sphere and continue to fulfill functions as housewife,

mother and household administrator, in addition to meeting the commitments

generated by their involvement in the productive sector and other sociocultural spaces

(Quintero Velásquez, 2007).

Moving forward in our reasoning, there is a more subtle and perverse violence that is

sustained in language and cultural representations that, when naturalized and made

invisible, guarantee success insofar as what cannot be seen is not questioned. It is the

very impossibility of being identified that sustains its ideological function and symbolic

power (Blanco, J. 2009). This form of violence is very common in society and in

women's lives, but because it is so naturalized that women are inferior to men it is

almost impossible to notice, and in homes it is generalized that women are the

housewives and the ones who must take care of their children. Symbolic violence is

instituted through the adhesion that the dominated feels obliged to grant to the

dominator (consequently, to domination) when he does not have, to imagine it or to

imagine himself or, rather, to imagine the relationship he has with him, any other

instrument of knowledge than that which he shares with the dominator and which,

being nothing more than the assimilated form of the relationship of domination, makes

that relationship seem natural.(Pierre Bourdieu, 2000) It is there, where from the

cultural construction of the "Patriarchy" the woman's belief becomes insignificant. It is

also important to know that sexism is an element present in the symbolic dimension of

our culture, first of all, due to a historical issue. The belief in the hierarchical and

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antagonistic relationship of the masculine and the feminine is an ideology that has

been spread since the first manifestations (Verdú Delgado, A. D., & Briones

Vozmediano, E. 2016).

Conclusions

By way of conclusion, after seeing the different perspectives and approaches that seek

to find out the most common causes and behaviors of male abuse of women, it can be

seen that in society there is not a single cause that diagnoses male violence against

women, but rather there are many factors that react in different ways, thus generating

different behaviors of abuse. Some of the most notorious that were evidenced in the

research were: alcohol consumption, jealousy, economic dependence and parenting

patterns.

Therefore, being under the consumption of alcohol tends to increase dangerous

compulsive behaviors, where the highest rate is known through compulsive jealousy,

exercising psychological, verbal, sexual and physical abuse. In addition, the man

creates a superiority posture over the woman, due to the patterns of upbringing he had

in his childhood, believing himself to be the owner of his economic income and

commanding over the decision making in his life.

That is why this research was conducted in order to understand how women have been

violated in society from the cultural point of view, and what we want to achieve is to

continue promoting more of this research to provide more knowledge and thus raise

awareness and prevent abuse of women.

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