Citizen participation and
participatory budgeting for
effective governance for local
governments in Peru
Participación ciudadana y presupuesto
participativo para una gobernanza efectiva para
los gobiernos locales en el Perú
Alex Otto Príncipe Bayona1
Abstract
The general objective of this research
was to determine the relationship
between citizen participation and
participatory budgeting for effective
governance for local governments in
Peru, the type of research was applied,
descriptive level correlational,
quantitative approach. The non-
experimental design with a cross
section, a sample population of 50
officials who perform tasks in processes
and execution of the participatory
budget and citizenship area was used,
studies were carried out in the districts
and provinces of Peru. The technique
used to collect information was a
survey, a Likert scale was used and the
data collection instruments were 16
items, the variables were validated with
expert judgments, their reliability
determined with Cronbach's Alpha. The
Rho Spearman test was used for
hypothesis testing. According to the
findings, the general conclusion was
reached that there is a relationship
between the variable's citizen
participation and participatory
budgeting. The results show a
moderate correlation coefficient of
Spearman's Rho = 0.517 and p = 0.000
<0.01, among the variables, which
indicates that the greater the citizen
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1 PhD in Public Management and Governance, Universidad
César Vallejo, Lima, Peru. PhD. Ethics, Social Responsibility
and Human Rights. Universitat Abat Oliba, Barcelona, Spain.
aprincipe30@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5191-
023X
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participation, the better the participatory
budgeting processes develop. It is
stated that there is a positive and
significant relationship between citizen
participation and participatory
budgeting.
Keywords: Citizen participation,
transparency control
Resumen
La presente investigación tuvo como
objetivo general determinar la relación
entre participación ciudadana y
presupuesto participativo para una
gobernanza efectiva para los
gobiernos locales en el Perú, el tipo de
investigación fue aplicada, de nivel
descriptiva correlacional, enfoque
cuantitativo. El diseño no experimental
con corte transversal, se empleó una
población muestral de 50 funcionarios
que desempeñan labores en procesos
y ejecución del presupuesto
participativo y área ciudadanía, se
hizo estudios en los distritos y
provincias del Perú. La técnica
empleada para recolectar información
fue encuesta, se utilizó escala de
Likert y los instrumentos de
recolección de datos fueron 16 items,
las variables fueron validados con
juicios de expertos, determinado su
confiablidad con Alfa de Cronbach. Se
usó la prueba de Rho Spearman para
contrastación de hipótesis. Según los
hallazgos se llegaron a la conclusión
general que existe relación entre las
variables participación ciudadana y
presupuesto participativo. Los
resultados muestran un coeficiente de
correlación moderada de Rho de
Spearman = 0.517 y p = 0.000<0.01,
entre las variables, lo cual indica que
a mayor participación ciudadana mejor
se desarrollan los procesos del
presupuesto participativo. Se afirma
que existe una relación positiva y
significativa entre la participación
ciudadana y presupuesto participativo.
Palabras clave: Participación
ciudadana, control transparencia
Introduction
Currently, the position regarding citizen participation has undergone a possible
alteration and there is a worldwide consensus that participation is a process that
contributes to improving the quality of the democratic system. Citizen participation
reinforces solidarity and the sense of the common good, since citizens have the option
of participating with direct influence in the areas of public administration and become
responsible not only for deciding for their individual benefit, but also for the welfare of
the community.
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Citizen participation in many municipalities is seen as an obstacle and not as a strength
by some mayors; in fact, few mayors really have a participatory vocation and promote
these mechanisms. There are often voices that express their discomfort with
participatory budgeting and consider that citizens are not prepared to debate plans and
projects. There are public officials who consider that citizen participation is not very
useful and do not yet assume that the new public management cannot be conceived
apart from the citizens.
Álvarez (2004), citizen participation is a collective action that unfolds and originates
simultaneously in the social and state spheres. He emphasizes that it is not an
exclusive action of a social organization; neither is it an action given on the margins or
outside the contours of the state, nor is it an exercise limited by the contours of the
social or state sphere that originates it. Citizen participation is a type of collective action
through which the citizenry takes part in the construction, evaluation, management and
development of public affairs, regardless of the modalities (institutional-autonomous)
through which it takes place. In addition, it points out the set of activities and initiatives
that civilians deploy, affecting the public space from within and outside the parties". (p.
50).
"Ziccardi (1998) states that citizen participation is "a process by means of which the
inhabitants of cities intervene in public activities with the objective of representing their
particular interests", on the other hand he points out that citizens become involved in
the elaboration, decision and execution of public matters that affect them, concern
them or, simply, are of their interest. Understood in this way, it could be stated that it
refers to a particular type of interaction between individuals and the state, to a concrete
relationship between the state and society, in which the character of the public is put
into play and constructed" (pp.32, p. 88). (pp.32, p. 88).
"Velasquez et al. (2003), citizen participation is a concept used to designate a set of
social processes and practices of very diverse nature. At certain times, it has led to a
rather ambiguous analytical use. Richness, because the multiplicity of notions through
which it has been enunciated has made it possible to delimit, with increasing precision,
the actors, spaces and variables involved, as well as the characteristics related to the
definition of this type of participatory processes. It specifies that "Citizen participation
is to oversee compliance with previous agreements and rulings, as well as the
performance of the political authority." (p. 57, 60).
"Colino et al (2003) local governments are institutional spaces naturally open to
participation and power sharing, we can say that citizen participation at the local level
generates positive effects, in at least three key areas such as: economic, social and
political".
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"Borja (2000), citizen participation is regularly associated at a macro level and at a
micro level. At the first level, the benefits of this collective action are highlighted in the
conformation of the democratic ideal that opens the state, as socialization of politics,
in an institutionalized and/or autonomous context that gives margin to the progress of
democratic governance, or as a dynamic that gives way to the active and dynamic
participation of citizens that allows the modernization of public management, the
satisfaction of collective needs, the inclusion of marginal sectors, of ideological
pluralism and the displacement of representative democracy by substantive
democracy" (p.66).
Avendaño (2006) the institutional form par excellence of participation is born with the
formation of political parties. Citizens have a mechanism to express their political
preferences, but it is revealed that it is a participation in delegation, since their vote is
cast by citizens, but the representative is the one who assumes actions and
responsibilities. "The parties are defined as the expression of society, which in turn
entails a continuous relationship with the institutions of the State and local entities" (p.
9).
"Citizen participation is based on the rights enshrined in the Political Constitution of
Peru (1993) which establish: Equality in the enjoyment of political rights, the right to
participate in public affairs, to elect and be elected, to make petitions, complaints, to
organize, demonstrate and mobilize in accordance with the law and to join political
parties (see Title I, Chapter I; Article 1,2; Chapter II, Article 10, 16; Chapter III, Article
30,31,32,35, 38; Chapter IV, Article 39, 40. Title II; Chapter I, Article 44,45 and Title III,
Chapter I, Article 61."
"Alcántara (2001) governance can be understood as the situation in which a set of
favorable conditions for government action concur, which are located in its contour or
are intrinsic to it. "Governance depends on governance, on the level of maturity in an
organized society and its capacity to assume shared responsibilities in the
implementation of decisions and in the art of governing correctly." (p. 95).
Participation of civil society organizations
"In the political constitution of Peru, Title I. Of the person and society, chapter I.
Fundamental rights of the person, stipulates to participate individually or in association,
in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the nation. Citizens have, according
to law, the rights of election, removal or revocation of authorities, legislative initiative
and referendum". (Art.2, Inc.19)."
"Pizarro (2003) participation is a central element of democracy, understood as the
possibility of accentuating the dignity of man, of exercising his freedom to the full. That
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is to say, that each individual is a free agent to decide his conduct and to contribute to
formulate the goals of the action of the group and of the society to which he belongs.
"Ziccardi (1998), citizen participation is the key to transform the local space into a
public space and contribute to create conditions to consolidate democratic
governance, citizen participation, unlike other forms of participation, political,
community, refers specifically to the inhabitants of cities to intervene in public activities
representing particular interests not individual, exercised primarily in the field of daily
life and local space, which is where there is greater proximity between authorities and
citizens".
Urquijo (2007) points out that the participatory budget is elaborated through a process
of consultation with the communities to reach an agreement or consensus on what
should be the priorities of the municipality's investment spending, which gives us to
understand that the budget should include all the representatives, in this case the
community development council - COCODES. Thus, the participatory budget becomes
a mechanism that contributes to determine the destination of part of the public
resources of the municipality.
Díaz (2002) indicates that the participatory budget is basically a system of budget
formulation and follow-up through which the population determines where investments
will be made, what are the priorities, works and actions to be developed by the
government. It is, from another point of view, a valuable budget planning tool.
Claros (2009) points out that the participatory budget is the management mechanism
through which, with a participatory approach, the municipality incorporates the
organized population so that, in a concerted manner, it determines the allocation of
part of the institutional budget to the execution of projects and works of community or
neighborhood interest. To this end, the entity must determine the amount destined to
the participatory budget process, but without neglecting its own obligations, such as
operating and functioning expenses and those corresponding to the attention of local
public services".
Díaz (2002) indicates that participatory budget execution is basically a system of
budget formulation and follow-up through which the population determines where
investments will be made, what are the priorities, works and actions to be developed
by the government. From another point of view, it is a valuable budget planning tool".
(p. 52).
"Miranda et al. (2003), states; that a strategy that intends to transform the background
of the relations between governors and governed must start from an integral vision of
reality, recognize social contradictions and collective identities, combine forms of direct
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and representative representation and open clear channels and mechanisms for
decision making".
"Ackerman (2005) the term accountability, which attempts to translate in a limited way
the Anglo-Saxon term accountability, is related to the possibility or ability to have
access to information about a specific unit of analysis, official or employee, institution,
government. From the point of view of public management, this definition is clearly
insufficient, since it lacks a minimum criterion regarding exposure and access to
information, which is in practice what makes it possible to establish the relationship
with the improvement of public sector performance. From this perspective, the
challenge is to find a definition that establishes a relationship between the availability
of information and its use for the equitable, rational, efficient, effective and transparent
allocation of public resources, which strengthens State-civil society relations"". (p.68).
Araujo, et al, (2000) participatory budgeting is a management mechanism that allows
the inclusion of citizens in public investment decision-making. It is both a political and
technical process. "It tends to be modified depending on the level of political maturity
of the actors, the characteristics of the territory, the level of consolidation of the
institutions, among others. By means of this management tool, the citizenry is brought
closer to the city government."" (p.70).
"Amuvall (2004) the mechanisms of planning and concertation for participatory
budgeting, in the most concrete sense are materialized in the full development of the
same preparatory and concertation phases, as a form of direct, clear and true
sensitization towards the population, but taking into account some of the sub-parts of
the mentioned phases" such as preparation, communication, sensitization and
convocation.
"Gallicchio (2006) states that governance calls for institutional strengthening of weak
governments, governance is based on the idea that such institutional capacity already
exists and points out that what is needed is to involve factors and subjects external to
the government, since institutions are not sufficient to guarantee managerial capacity.
What it proposes, ultimately, is to govern through networks rather than hierarchies; to
lead through influence rather than the exercise of authority; to relate rather than to
command".
Panchana (2020) indicates in his review that the Political Constitution (2008), Art. 95,
citizens, individually or collectively, participate as protagonists in decision making,
related to public affairs. Art. 204, the people are the principal and first controller of
public power. The Organic Law of Citizen Participation (LOPC) generates scenarios
for social control and accountability, and establishes that Citizen Participation
Mechanisms are useful to evaluate public management.
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Panchana (2020) agrees with the contribution of Fuenmayor (2004) in the Latin
American context, it is observed that the Organization of American States, as well as
the United Nations Organization, establishes that every citizen has the right to access
to public information, including the freedom to seek, receive, exercised orally, in writing
or in any artistic form and using the procedure. Also in the Latin American sphere is
the Inter-American Democratic Charter of the General Assembly of the Organization
of American States, generated between July 30 and 31, 2002, which establishes, in its
Article 4.º, the transparency of government activities, probity and accountability of
governments in public management. (p.12)
Panchana (2020) on public information agrees with the analysis of Fuenmayor (2004),
Public Information, both central and decentralized, as well as any organ, entity or
institution that exercises public functions or executes public budgets, has the obligation
to provide the information contained in documents, writings, photographs, recordings,
magnetic or digital support, or in any other format and that has been created or
obtained by it, or that is in its possession and under its control. (p. 27)
For his part, he points out that transparency and accountability are, directly or
indirectly, immersed in the governance process. The basic core of this governance is
access to information. Governance represents the exercise of power with the objective
of directing and regulating public activities for the benefit of the public interest. Since it
implies the creation of institutions and processes that lead citizens to elaborate and
implement community policies in a collective and democratic manner, governance
represents the exercise of power with the objective of directing and regulating public
activities for the benefit of the public interest.
Prieto et.al (2019) argues in their journal that for education to effectively fulfill its
function in the context of a Social State of Law, it must be understood that true
democracy in education comes from inclusive education and that this is par excellence
the scenario of consolidation of an authentic social justice. It must develop public
policies aimed at taking the concept of inclusive education to its ultimate
consequences, so that school institutions consolidate a true recognition of diversity,
and not a simple coverage of disability. (p.312)
In order to understand the concept of the Social State of Law, it is first necessary to
explain the meaning of fundamental rights. Fundamental rights are understood as
those juridical-political tools with which the population can confront the possible
arbitrariness of the State or third parties, thus guaranteeing protection for the full
development of their human condition. Fundamental rights mean a political conquest
by humanity, against anyone who, in the exercise of power, wishes to violate the
human condition (UN, 2020).
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The Social State of Law is, then, an expression of the development of democracy,
corresponding to the historical development of a certain political doctrine (liberalism),
which shapes democracy and the modern State on the basis of the theory of social
justice. (p.313)
Likewise, it indicates that the development of citizen participation and social control,
did not begin with the Political Constitution, but it is in this Magna Carta where the legal
framework is established, setting as a transversal axis the rights to participate and to
carry out social control (National Assembly, 2015), with these scopes the supreme
positive legal norm that governs the organization of Ecuador was written and approved.
Therefore, this paper aims to demonstrate citizen participation and participatory
budgeting for effective governance for local governments in Peru, with a series of
existing problems. The questions posed were: What is the relationship between citizen
participation and participatory budgeting for effective governance in local governments
in Peru? The results of this research focus directly on officials of district and provincial
municipalities in Peru, who contribute to the participatory budget processes, with a
study of the reality based on citizen participation, and therefore focused on the
objectives, hypothesis testing and operationalization of the variables.
Materials and methods
The present research is based on the hypothetical deductive method, this method
allows the pursuit of new knowledge, starting from other established knowledge that is
progressively subjected to deductions.
Guillen (2015) explains that this method has a high value due to its heuristic character,
since it can advance and corroborate new hypotheses, and make new knowledge
known, this method gives a systematic, integrating and coherent character to the set
of principles, laws, which establish an entire scientific theory".
Rosales (1988) regarding the method used, this was "the hypothetico-deductive
method, which is the procedure or path followed by the research to make its activity a
scientific practice, referring to the certain methods that can be applied in the teaching-
learning process"" (p. 49), argues that:
"After the application of the deductive or inductive methods, the hypothetical-deductive
method arises as a more perfect instrument than the previous ones, which tries to
gather in synthesis the most positive characteristics of them. In it, and through an
inductive process, a hypothesis is formulated, from which assumptions and
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implications are derived and through whose contrast with reality it will be attempted to
verify the initial hypothesis. (1988, p.49)
In this study, inferential statistics and applied research have been used, since the aim
is to improve the situation of citizen participation and the participatory budget of the
provincial and district municipalities of Peru. In order to solve the problem.
Vara (2015), applied research is practical, since its results are immediately used in the
solution of problems of reality. Applied research usually identifies the problem situation
and seeks, within the possible solutions, the one that may be the most appropriate for
the specific context. In addition, it proposes management programs, innovation and
new models". (p. 235)
The research was of non-experimental design, since the variables under study were
not manipulated. According to Hernández, et al. (2010), refers to: "studies that are
conducted without deliberate manipulation of variables and in which only phenomena
are observed in their natural environment and then analyzed". (p.149)
Hernández, Fernández and Baptista; 2006, p. 149). He argues that "non-experimental
design is to observe phenomena as they occur in their natural context, and then
analyze them".
A sample population of 50 civil servants working in participatory budget processes and
execution and in the area of citizenship was studied in the districts and provinces of
Peru.
Finally, it is a quantitative approach, the technique used to collect information was a
survey, a Likert scale was used and the data collection instruments were 16 items, the
variables were validated with expert judgments, their reliability was determined with
Cronbach's Alpha and the Rho Spearman test was used.
Results
For this study, inferential statistics were applied and hypothesis tests were performed
with a significance level of p <05 to reject the null hypothesis, according to the
objectives. The inferential statistical procedures, in which Spearman's Rho statistic
was used to determine the degree of correlation between the study variables (Guillen,
2015) and their corresponding deductions for the scientific research on citizen
participation and participatory budgeting in district and provincial municipalities in Peru.
The correlations between the variables, dimensions based on the general and specific
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hypothesis were taken into account. Considering the scale values to measure the
results.
According to Bisquerra (2009), he indicated the following scale of values and
interpretations of Spearman's Rho, and also refers that Spearman's Rho coefficient
can vary from -1.00 to + 1.00, giving the following scheme.
Table 1.
Scale values
Values
Interpretation
From - 0.91 to - 1
From - 0.71 to - 0.90
From - 0.41 to - 0.70
From - 0.21 to - 0.40
From 0 to - 0.20
Very high correlation
High correlation
Moderate correlation
Low correlation
Virtually zero correlation
From 0 to 0.20
From 0.21 to 0.40
From 0.41 to 0.70
From 0.71 to 0.90
From 0.91 to 1
Virtually zero correlation
Low correlation
Moderate correlation
High correlation
Very high correlation
Inferential statistical result - hypothesis testing
Table 2.
Correlation between citizen participation and participatory budgeting
Correlations
Participati
on
citizen
Spearman's
Rho
Participation
citizen
Correlation
coefficient
1.000
Sig. (bilateral)
.
N
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Budget
participatory
Correlation
coefficient
.517**
Sig. (bilateral)
.000
N
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (bilateral).
Table 2 shows, according to the results of the statistical analysis, that there is a
moderate positive relationship (rs = 0.517) between citizen participation and the
participatory budget, and the probability value (p = 0.000) is less than the critical value
( = 0.01), therefore the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is
accepted, which states that citizen participation has a moderate relationship with the
participatory budget in the district and provincial municipalities of Peru. Therefore, it is
concluded that, with a risk of 1% and 99% reliability, citizen participation has a positive
and significant relationship with the participatory budget in the district and provincial
municipalities of Peru.
Specific hypothesis 1:
Significance level: α = 0.05
Statistic: Non-parametric Spearman's Rho
Table 3.
Correlation between citizen participation and budget execution
Correlations
Participatio
n
citizen
Executio
n
Ppto
part.
Spearman's
Rho
Participation
citizen
Correlation coefficient
1.000
.502**
Sig. (bilateral)
.
.000
N
Execution
Correlation coefficient
.502**
1.000
Sig. (bilateral)
.000
.
N
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (bilateral).
Table 3 shows, according to the results of the statistical analysis, that there is a
moderate positive relationship (rs = 0.502) between citizen participation and budget
a
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execution, and the probability value (p = 0.000) is less than the critical value ( =
0.01), therefore the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is
accepted, which states that citizen participation has a moderate relationship with
participatory budget execution in the district and provincial municipalities of Peru.
Therefore, it is concluded that, with a risk of 1% and 99% reliability, citizen participation
has a positive and significant relationship with budget execution in district and
provincial municipalities in Peru.
Specific hypothesis 2:
Significance level: α = 0.05
Statistic: Non-parametric Spearman's Rho
Table 4.
Correlation between citizen participation and accountability mechanisms
Correlations
Participatio
n
citizen
Accountability
mechanisms
Spearman's
Rho
Participation
citizen
Correlation coefficient
1.000
.325*
Sig. (bilateral)
.
.021
N
Mechanisms of
Accountability
Correlation coefficient
.325*
1.000
Sig. (bilateral)
.021
.
N
*. The correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (bilateral).
Table 5 shows, according to the results of the statistical analysis, that there is a low
positive relationship (rs = 0.325) between citizen participation and accountability
mechanisms, and the probability value (p = 0.021) is less than the critical value ( =
0.05), therefore the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is
accepted, which states that citizen participation has a low relationship with
accountability mechanisms of the participatory budget in district and provincial
municipalities in Peru. Therefore, it is concluded that, for a risk of 5 % and 95 %
reliability, citizen participation has a positive and significant relationship with
accountability mechanisms in district and provincial municipalities in Peru.
a
a
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Specific hypothesis 3:
Significance level: α = 0.05
Statistic: Non-parametric Spearman's Rho
Table 5.
Correlation between citizen participation and planning and consensus-building
mechanisms
Correlations
Participati
on
citizen
Mechanisms
Planning and
coordination
Spearman's
Rho
Participation
citizen
Correlation
coefficient
1.000
.359*
Sig. (bilateral)
.
.011
N
Mechanisms
Planning and
coordination
Correlation
coefficient
.359*
1.000
Sig. (bilateral)
.011
.
N
*. The correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (bilateral).
Table 5 shows, according to the results of the statistical analysis, that there is a low
positive relationship (rs = 0.359) between citizen participation and the planning and
consultation mechanisms, and the probability value (p = 0.011) is less than the critical
value ( = 0.05), therefore the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative
hypothesis is accepted, which states that citizen participation has a low relationship
with the participatory budget planning and consultation mechanisms in the district and
provincial municipalities of Peru. Therefore, it is concluded that, with a risk of 5% and
95% reliability, citizen participation has a positive and significant relationship with the
planning and coordination mechanism in the district and provincial municipalities of
Peru.
Specific hypothesis 4:
Significance level: α = 0.05
Statistic: Non-parametric Spearman's Rho
a
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Table 6.
Correlation between citizen participation and the results of the participatory budget
execution.
Correlations
Citizen
participati
on
Performanc
e results
Spearman's
Rho
Participation
citizen
Correlation
coefficient
1.000
.444**
Sig. (bilateral)
.
.001
N
Results of
execution
Correlation
coefficient
.444**
1.000
Sig. (bilateral)
.001
.
N
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (bilateral).
Table 5 shows, according to the results of the statistical analysis, that there is a low
positive relationship (rs = 0.444) between citizen participation and execution results,
and the probability value (p = 0.001) is less than the critical value ( = 0.01), therefore
the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, which states
that citizen participation has a low relationship with the results of participatory budget
execution in the district and provincial municipalities of Peru. Therefore, it is concluded
that, with a risk of 1% and 99% reliability, citizen participation has a positive and
significant relationship with the results of execution and agreement in the district and
provincial municipalities of Peru.
The research obtained descriptive values between the variables citizen participation
and participatory budget in the district and provincial municipalities of Peru, according
to the general objective it is observed that there is a deficient level, finding a percentage
of 78% regarding citizen participation and a low level of 72% regarding the participatory
budget (table 17 and 22) and according to the testing of the general hypothesis it is
observed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables
(table 24), These findings are contrasted with the studies conducted by Francés (2006)
in which he concluded that citizen participation favors social trust by 67%; in this
respect, the more citizens participate and become aware of their role, the better the
adequate use of participatory budgets will be. The methodology used was basic
a
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research, descriptive level. Non-experimental open design, receptive to the inclusion
and conjunction of techniques of diverse nature, with a qualitative and quantitative
approach, using a population and sample of 56. The technique used is survey, data
collection. Likewise, the findings found by Niemeyer (2006) in research on the
correlation of the development of citizen participation in the processes of social control
of municipal management in the district of Comas, in which he concluded that there is
distrust among the population, indicated in a large percentage as the attitude towards
transparency and viability of the processes; this would be a result of the governmental
experience that has been lived.
According to the specific objective 1, a low level is observed with a percentage of 62%
for the participatory budget execution dimension (table 18) and according to the
specific hypothesis test 1, it is observed that there is a positive and significant
relationship between citizen participation and participatory budget execution in the
district municipalities of the Huari province - Ancash Region (table 25), In this regard,
in the research conducted by Vasquez (2013) in the thesis "Analysis of citizen
participation in the participatory budget in the Cojitambo Parish in the period 2010-
2012" in which he concludes that there is an impact of citizen participation in the
implementation of the participatory budget in improving the quality of life of the
population.
According to specific objective 2, a low level is observed, with a percentage of 64% for
the accountability mechanisms dimension of the participatory budget (table 19) and
according to the specific hypothesis test 2, it is observed that there is a positive and
significant relationship between citizen participation and the execution of the
participatory budget in district and provincial municipalities in Peru (table 26), in this
regard in the research conducted by Gonzales (2014) in the thesis "Strategy for citizen
empowerment and participation in the control of public management" in which they
have as results the low participation as an effect due to lack of training of the population
to participate, and the lack of confidence in the control of financial resources in the
implementation of projects. Where 74% affirms that it is possible to contribute with the
empowerment of citizen participation for the control of public management.
According to specific objective 3, a low level is observed, with a percentage of 60% for
the participatory budget planning and coordination mechanisms dimension (Table 20)
and according to the specific hypothesis test 3, it is observed that there is a positive
and significant relationship between citizen participation and the execution of the
participatory budget in district and provincial municipalities in Peru (Table 27), In this
regard, Campos (2014) in his thesis "Citizen participation and local administration"
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shows the importance of citizen participation and therefore makes use of the planning
of new technologies as an impulse for participation, and environmental motivations as
a reason for participation, likewise, it is necessary to encourage citizen participation in
the participatory budget to increase the credibility of citizens in their authorities.
According to the specific objective 4, a low level is observed with a percentage of 58%
regarding the dimension results of participatory budget implementation (table 21) and
according to the specific hypothesis test 4, it is observed that there is a positive and
significant relationship between citizen participation and participatory budget
implementation in district and provincial municipalities in Peru (table 28), in this regard
Bringas (2014) in the thesis "The participatory budget and the quality of management
of public resources in district municipalities in the Ayacucho Region, period 2009-2013"
concluded that participatory budgets imply an adaptation to the reality where it is
applied and has the participation of civil society organizations, higher percentage
indicate that it does contribute to the good management of public resources,
transparency, and equitable allocation of resources, these results of the
implementation of participatory budgeting is very important in the management of
public resources. Likewise, Palacios, (2013) with his thesis "The participatory budget
based on results as an instrument for decision making in the allocation and execution
of the investment budget of the district municipality of Casa Grande, 2012" in which he
concluded that there is a good conduct of the participatory budget based on results
and that it has been improved successively in each new process.
In general, it can be affirmed that the general research objective was achieved, and
the general hypothesis was proved. It was found that there is a significant correlation
between the citizen participation of the citizens of the province and the participatory
budget processes of the local governments.
Conclusions
It was determined that there is a moderate and positive correlation with a correlation
value of Spearman's Rho = 0.517 and p = 0.000<0.01, between the variables citizen
participation and participatory budget in the district and provincial municipalities of
Peru. This indicates that the greater the citizen participation, the better the participatory
budget processes are developed.
It was determined that there is a moderate and positive correlation with a correlation
value of Spearman's Rho = 0.502 and p = 0.000<0.01 between citizen participation
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and the execution of the participatory budget in the district and provincial municipalities
of Peru. This indicates that the greater the citizen participation, the better the execution
of the participatory budget.
It was determined that there is a moderate and positive correlation with a correlation
value of Spearman's Rho = 0.325 and p = 0.021<0.05 between citizen participation
and accountability mechanisms in district and provincial municipalities in Peru. This
indicates that the greater the citizen participation, the better the accountability
mechanisms of the participatory budget work.
It was determined that there is a moderate and positive correlation with a correlation
value of Spearman's Rho = 0.359 and p = 0.011<0.05 between citizen participation
and participatory budget planning and coordination mechanisms in district and
provincial municipalities in Peru. This indicates that the greater the citizen participation,
the better the participatory budget planning and coordination mechanisms work.
It was determined that there is a moderate and positive correlation with a correlation
value of Spearman's Rho = 0.444 and p = 0.01<0.01 between citizen participation and
the results of participatory budget execution in district and provincial municipalities in
Peru. This indicates that the greater the citizen participation, the better the results of
participatory budget execution.
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