https://doi.org/10.37955/cs.v5i4.202

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eISSN: 2600-5743

Factors influencing the exclusion of

older adults from the Sergio Toral I

Cooperative

Factores que influyen en la exclusión de los

adultos mayores de la Cooperativa Sergio Toral

Maria Fernanda de Luca

Master in Economics and Territorial Development. Full time professor, Catholic University of Guayaquil

Guayaquil, Ecuador, maria.deluca@cu.ucsg.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2329-776X

Julio Beccar

Master in Orientation and Family Education. Full-time professor, Catholic University of Guayaquil. Guayaquil,

Ecuador, julio.beccar@cu.ucseg.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6848-1953

Roxana León Nevárez

Master in Human Talent Management. Full-time professor, Universidad Católica de Guayaquil.

roxana.leon@cu.ucseg.edu.ec https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9297-9556

Abstract

This study aims to generate processes of reflection on the factors that

influence the processes of inclusion/exclusion of older adults living in

the Sergio Toral 1 cooperative in the city of Guayaquil in order to

promote their participation and integration in their territory. This

research represents a contribution for the city of Guayaquil, since it

will not only benefit older adults, but it will also deconstruct erroneous

perceptions that society has about aging, hoping that, through this

process, the community will be directed, educated and transformed

into an integrating group, leaving aside prejudices and stereotypes

that are culturally rooted. The research has a qualitative design with

an exploratory scope. Data were collected through the application of

surveys to older adults, to the inhabitants of the community

(neighborhood actors), interviews with older adults, observation and

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social mapping built with neighborhood leaders. Factors such as

insecurity, lack of infrastructure, lack of accessible health centers and

fractured communication and interaction circuits between the

population of the sector and the elderly have an impact on the

perception of exclusion of this age group.

Resumen

El presente estudio se propone generar procesos de reflexión sobre los

factores que influyen en los procesos de inclusión/exclusión de los

adultos mayores que habitan en la cooperativa Sergio Toral 1 en la

ciudad de Guayaquil para promover la participación e integración de

éstos en su territorio. Esta investigación representa un aporte para la

ciudad de Guayaquil, ya que no solo beneficiará a los adultos mayores,

sino que, a su vez, de-construirá percepciones erróneas que presenta

la sociedad, acerca del envejecimiento esperando que, por medio de

este proceso, se encamine, eduque y transforme a la comunidad en un

conjunto integrador dejando de lado prejuicios y estereotipos muy

arraigados culturalmente. La investigación tiene un diseño cualitativo

con un alcance exploratorio. Se recogieron los datos a través de la

aplicación de encuestas a los adultos mayores, a los habitantes de la

comunidad (actores barriales), de las entrevistas aplicadas a adultos

mayores, de la observación y de la cartografía social construida con los

líderes barriales. Factores como la inseguridad, la falta de

infraestructura, la falta de centros de salud accesibles y los circuitos de

comunicación e interacción fracturados entre la población del sector y

los adultos mayores inciden en la percepción de exclusión de este

grupo etario.

Palabras clave/ Keywords

Social exclusion/inclusion - Older adults – Participation.

Exclusión/inclusión social – Adultos mayores – Participación.

Introduction

Exclusion is a multidimensional and dynamic phenomenon, which

limits the action of integrating what is socially different. This social

phenomenon is a process that hinders, for those who experience it,

adaptability and sociability within an environment, the groups most

susceptible to face such situations are minorities, such as the disabled,

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transsexuals, women, seniors, children, indigenous people, among

others Lailive (2008), Hernandez, (2008), the objective is to generate

processes of reflection based on the results found in the Sergio Toral I

Cooperative, in the city of Guayaquil - Ecuador, on the various factors

that influence the exclusion of older adults in order to promote their

participation and integration in their territory, since exclusion is a

latent problem to which this priority group of the population is no

stranger.

Late adulthood is an important phase in the bio-psycho-social

development of every human being. This phase is characterized by the

adaptation to various changes within a social context that forces this

group to adapt not only to the changes of age, but also to reaffirm their

belonging to a group. During this stage many are excluded by society

and in some cases self-exclude due to feelings of burden.

The main approaches in research on this population group focus on

inclusion, health, quality of life, etc. In the research of Oberto (2013)

and Ruíz, et al. (2013).

Rojas (2016), on the state of older adults in abandoned populations,

highlights the social responsibility that the State should have to protect

this group in a special way, first identifying their most relevant basic

needs, both male and female population within a social context where

they deserve as much importance as the rest of the population groups.

Regarding the inclusion and participation of this group, social and

support networks are one of the main mechanisms to encourage and

contribute to their well-being. García, Moya and Quijano (2015) and

Gulmes, Nieto (2015) conducted a research entitled "Cognitive

performance and quality of life of older adults attending senior

groups" p. 399 giving as a result that those who participated in these

groups obtained a better performance than others. Regarding the

quality of life, no variant was evidenced, preventing the possibility of

proving that changes at the cognitive level influence the daily life of

these groups, but the importance of social inclusion for the

psychological and emotional well-being of older adults is highlighted

(García, Moya, & Quijano, 2015, p. 343).

Regarding the protection of this age group by the State, the article

"Social protection of the elderly: Inclusion and equity in Argentina

during the period 2003-2014", aimed at empirically evidencing the

impact of the protection policies implemented on the level of coverage

and income distribution. The study showed that social structures are

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modified when there is an expansion in income coverage; this means

that with a better distribution of resources there will be greater access

to basic services. It was also found that social protection policies within

the retirement system need to be adapted to a long-term sustainable

type strategy (Trujillo, 2018, p. 38).

Álvarez (2009) and Rodríguez (2011) point out that the older adult

population is in a stage characterized by the various physical and

emotional changes inherent to age. In this phase of the life cycle, this

group will require greater attention from those who make up their

environment, starting from the family level to state institutions in both

the public and private sectors. According to studies by the Ministry of

Economic and Social Inclusion, there are 1,049,824 older adults in

Ecuador, i.e. people 65 years of age or older, representing 6.5% of the

entire population. The Government of Rafael Correa (2007-2017)

implemented public policies based on the defense of rights and the

valuation of the elderly and this led to an increase in the participation

of older adults during those years. Salgado (2007) and Izquierdo

(2007). Normatively, we can identify laws established in the country

for the benefit of older adults: in Article 36 of the Constitution of the

Republic of Ecuador, it is established that the elderly should receive

priority attention, considering as older adults those persons 65 years

of age and older; Article 37 guarantees a series of rights that older

adults should have, among them are free and specialized health care,

the right to a job, to retirement, to discounts in public services, access

to decent housing. Article 38 recognizes that the Ecuadorian State

must take measures to guarantee their care in specialized centers

where they can be attended to in their health, education, care,

protection and nutrition needs, in addition to the fact that the State

will provide special protection against labor exploitation and against

violence or mistreatment. It will also develop programs that promote

their personal autonomy and social integration.

In addition to the aforementioned needs, it is also necessary to

promote social inclusion through projects that allow the participation

of older adults as active members of society. The Ministry of Economic

and Social Inclusion is the agency in charge of overseeing and directing

the different government programs focused on older adults, ensuring

their rights and guaranteeing their welfare. One of its goals is to

increase the percentage of participation of this population in the

country reaching 74.5% in 2020. This ministry considers the elderly

population as an active citizenry, where positive aging is promoted

and, therefore, they should be able to enjoy a dignified and healthy life

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through participation and empowerment together with the family, the

state and society.

Despite all these efforts, there is still exclusion of the elderly in several

neighborhoods. The government is committed to providing the

corresponding support, however, family members or people who live

with them in their environment do not form social bonds that allow

the elderly to be an active part of a community. Domínguez (2016). In

addition, the State's social plans and programs often do not reach the

segregated sectors of the city. This study aims to generate processes of

reflection on the factors that influence the processes of

inclusion/exclusion of older adults living in the Sergio Toral 1

cooperative in the city of Guayaquil in order to promote their

participation and integration in their territory.

This research represents a contribution for the city of Guayaquil, since

it will not only benefit older adults, but will also deconstruct erroneous

perceptions that society has about aging, hoping that, through this

process, the community will be guided, educated and transformed into

an integrating group, leaving aside prejudices and stereotypes that are

very culturally rooted.

Materials and Methods

The approach of this research is qualitative and the design is non-

experimental, cross-sectional. The level of this research is descriptive.

Descriptive research is also called diagnostic research and consists,

fundamentally, in characterizing a phenomenon or concrete situation

by indicating its most peculiar or differentiating features. "For

descriptive research, its primary concern lies in discovering some

fundamental characteristics of homogeneous sets of phenomena,

using systematic criteria that make it possible to reveal their structure

or behavior" (Sabino, 1984, p. 35).

In the research being carried out, our population will be the older

adults of the Sergio Toral I. The sample of the population to which the

selected instruments were applied is distributed as follows: 12

neighborhood leaders, 30 older adults and 41 neighborhood actors.

The research being conducted is non-probabilistic sampling by

convenience since accessible cases wishing to be included in the study

have been selected, according to the possibilities of the researchers

(Otzen & Manterola, 2017).

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The techniques used for the collection of information were: a survey

applied to 41 neighborhood actors and 22 older adults, interviews

applied to 8 older adults, a social cartography or collective mapping

that was carried out in a meeting with 12 neighborhood leaders of the

community, showing us the situation according to their perspective of

the Sergio Toral I cooperative and an observation guide on the

infrastructure of the Sergio Toral I cooperative.

Regarding the forms of ordering and analysis of the information, the

quantitative data were organized so that they could be tabulated from

the Excel program, creating statistical graphs from the information

collected. This helps to have specific percentages on a given topic of

the information being more concrete to, from this, be able to infer

about the issues of exclusion and inclusion of older adults in their

territorial community. The qualitative data were coded using a coding

matrix where we grouped the perceptions of the interviewees into

variables. This was achieved by transcribing the dialogue to, from

there, find the significance of each expression used by the older adults.

The analysis of the information is presented through the triangulation

of information, using quantitative and qualitative data in order to

verify and compare the information provided.

The procedure will be as follows: statement of the problem; field work,

definition of the sample and application of the instruments; data

collection; data analysis; interpretation of results; preparation of the

report.

Results

Feelings of insecurity are linked to cognitive elements of the person,

where the sensation of danger is wrapped within a situation of

uncertainty. Regarding this variable, the first graph shows that 50%

of the people surveyed perceive that the level of security in the Sergio

Toral 1 Cooperative is medium and 41% of those surveyed perceive that

the level of security is low. One of the testimonies that allude to this

variable is the following: "My son had 2 plastic chairs that were outside

the house and they were taken in the blink of an eye when he went

shopping, he told me when he left 'look mommy I'm coming' and Erick

called me and when I went out, the chairs were gone" (Interviewee 8,

2019). This discourse reaffirms what a large part of the cooperative's

population feels.

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Access to quality basic services in any environment contributes to the

development of the population, since it ensures access to many of the

basic needs of people.

Within the Sergio Toral I cooperative, the older adults have stated the

following: 47% of those surveyed have access to drinking water, while

only 36% have electricity; there is no access to telecommunication

networks, sewage, paving and waste collection. These figures show a

problem that directly affects their quality of life.

Among the people interviewed it was common to hear speeches that

allude to the access to of these services "The problem of the streets, in

my house for example is that I have not been able to fill in down here"

(María, 2019); "Well what affects is still the problem of the streets"

(María, 2019). "Ah, yes, the streets, we also want the sewerage to come,

because that is ugly" (Luisa,2019).

These difficulties become a condition that especially affects the elderly

population since, for example, the lack of paving significantly hinders

the mobility and movement of the elderly.

According to the UN, for a space to be considered a dwelling, basic

elements of a construction must be met. This will be linked to how safe

the infrastructure is, how easy it is to access basic services, and

recreational and cultural spaces (Velázquez & Lozano, 2018).

Fifty-two percent of the older adults living in the Sergio Toral I

Cooperative own a cement house, while 43% reported having a reed

house. Cane housing is not a safe or appropriate infrastructure for

older adults. In addition, most of these houses are built on an elevated

wooden structure and therefore, access to the house is through a

ladder. This becomes a serious problem for people with reduced

mobility or age-related conditions: bone pain, poor visibility. The

conflictive situations that older adults go through according to what

the neighborhood actors of the Sergio Toral Cooperatives perceive.

Forty-three percent of those surveyed consider that one of the most

serious conflicts for older adults is that transportation within their

community does not pick them up, 19% consider that young people do

not respect them, and 16% say that there is no way to take them to

medical attention.

This is an important variable since the Sergio Toral cooperative is

located on the outskirts of the city of Guayaquil. The distances to

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medical appointments are long and the nearest health center is in

Monte Sinai, which is not very accessible to the elderly.

Vélez (2012) and Barrientos (2010) state that participation is a natural

need of every human being living in society and that this process

improves their relationship with the environment.

The following graph shows the frequency with which older adults in

the Sergio Toral 1 cooperative participate in community activities.

Forty-one percent do not participate, while 32% of respondents said

they always participate; 18% participate sometimes.

We will take into account one of the interviews conducted with some

of the older adults of the Sergio Toral cooperative, which highlights the

following: "We are meeting on Tuesdays and Wednesdays here at the

foundation (...) the day we go, on Tuesday, they give us activities such

as drawing cartoons, they give us letter soup; they also give us talks,

group tables and guide us" (Olga,2019).

Despite the fact that some of the older adults value participation very

positively, the percentage that does not participate at all is high: 41%

of the respondents.

Analyzing inclusion as part of the conceptual reference we find that for

Ramírez (2017) this is a term that is related to diversity and integrative

practices. In addition, the participation of excluded groups, allows

their voice to be heard and they can express themselves without fear

and thus people who are excluded feel part of something, of a group.

The graph shows the frequency with which neighborhood actors share

activities with older adults in the Sergio Toral 1 cooperative: 53% never

or almost never share, 26% sometimes share, 12% always or almost

always share, and 8% frequently share. Some respondents indicate

that there is a lack of interest on the part of the adults, thus placing the

responsibility for this problem on them. As can be seen, the inclusion

of older adults manifested through activities shared with other

neighborhood actors is not the practice that is being generated within

this cooperative. Inclusion is linked to integrative practices, but the

community, according to the surveys, very rarely shares activities with

older adults.

Disability is considered as a condition that a subject goes through,

becoming the lack of some physical or cognitive faculty, permanently

or temporarily, acquired since the person's birth or through time due

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to fortuitous accidents. Physical limitation is a condition acquired by a

subject due to the deterioration of certain mental or motor faculties.

These conditions affect the development of the human being,

generating difficulty in performing certain activities and requiring

external support to complement them. In some cases, it can lead to

loss of independence and the need for permanent support from health

services (Hernández, 2008).

In the Sergio Toral I cooperative in the city of Guayaquil, through

surveys of older adults, we found that 59% of the older adult

population has some physical limitation or disability. Physical

limitations in older adults generate a lot of discomfort: "I can't stand

this knee" (Sancan, 2019).

In the surveys conducted among the cooperative's neighborhood

stakeholders, 61% mentioned that they do not know people with

disabilities in their community and 39% stated that the older adults in

the community have some kind of disability or physical limitation. The

perception of the neighborhood actors on this issue is not congruent

with reality, which could indicate the community's lack of knowledge

of the situations that older adults are going through.

Most people with disabilities or physical limitations need the support

of an instrument to be able to carry out their activities. The economic

conditions of the cooperative's older adults often do not allow them to

acquire these instruments, so the limitation is exacerbated.

According to the surveys conducted among the cooperative's older

adults, access to health care for this population with disabilities

presents a high level of difficulty. Neighborhood stakeholders also

indicated that 61% of older adults with disabilities are unable to receive

the necessary health care. Likewise, according to the social mapping

data, access to health centers is not easy and for this reason many older

adults do not receive medical attention or the medicines they need.

The aging stage is considered as a stage of loss. This conception is

exacerbated by the physical wear and tear perceived by older adults,

the belief that they are no longer able to acquire new knowledge and

that they are losing it. One of the consequences of this is that this

population becomes isolated and abandons many activities. Active

aging contributes in this stage of the human being, according to

Ramos, Yordi, & Miranda, (2016) to the physical and mental well-

being of the older adult. Recreational spaces contribute to cognitive

and social relationships, since in recreational spaces there is

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interaction with external agents and the exchange of knowledge,

achieving a positive image of themselves.

Fifty percent of the older adults stated that there are recreational areas

in the Sergio Toral I cooperative where they can socialize and engage

in physical activities; however, the other 50% indicated that there are

no recreational areas.

The neighborhood actors affirm that there are places where older

adults can meet, but 32% perceive that older adults do not meet; 24%

indicate having observed older adults meeting in parks, 20% in other

places, 17% in churches near the cooperative, 5% in neighbors' houses

and 2% in clubs.

The spaces frequented by older adults are religious centers: "What we

do is pray, go to church, especially on Sundays, we have a service"

(Olga, 2019). There are also spaces where older adults meet for

workshops, but they are not well known by people, and only some

older adults attend them, "we are meeting Tuesday and Wednesday

here at the foundation, we are going to do a program on the 27th there

in the cabin we are going to dress up as guayaquileñas. There are also

meetings of elderly people, they give us talks, group tables and they

orient one" (Olga,2019). "For us, who are already a little bit, as I

explain, stressed and all that, when we go there, we get together, we

have more fun, more relaxed" (Francisca,2019).

Conclusions

Based on all the information that has been collected throughout this

research project in the Sergio Toral 1 cooperative in Guayaquil through

the application of surveys to older adults, to the inhabitants of the

community (neighborhood actors), interviews with 8 older adults to

deepen their perceptions about inclusion, observation and social

mapping built with neighborhood leaders, we can conclude some

points on the issue of inclusion of older adults. The lack of

infrastructure in the neighborhood, such as the need for sewage and

unpaved streets were considered in the interviews with the older

adults as one of the greatest needs because it significantly hinders the

mobilization and free movement of this age group.

Safety within a neighborhood community is considered by older adults

as an important factor that allows their inclusion within the

community. Within this sector there are people and groups that

commit acts of delinquency and there is the presence of drug users.

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This considerably increases insecurity, limiting the possibilities of

action and inclusion of older adults. The lack of health care services is

a problem in this sector of the city of Guayaquil, and in the event of a

health emergency, older adults cannot be attended to quickly and

easily. This is considered a very important exclusion factor for this

group. The relationship and interaction between the inhabitants and

the elderly of the Sergio Toral 1 cooperative is not a strength of the

community. The results showed that the neighborhood actors do not

have much information about the elderly, are not interested in what

happens to them and what they need, and do not share quality time

with them. On the other hand, more than half of the older adults do

not participate in the activities carried out within the community,

reflecting the situation of exclusion that many older adults live in

relation to their own community.

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