https://doi.org/10.37955/cs.v6i3.2679

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eISSN: 2600-5743

Mental health and physical care

projects; a post-pandemic look at

the future of society.

Proyectos de salud mental y cuidado físico; una mirada

postpandemia al futuro de la sociedad

Leonardo Eliecer Tarqui Silva

D. student in Psychology Universidad Nacional San Luis - Argentina / El Mercurio de Cuenca Newspaper

leonardosicdeporte@yahoo.es

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9004-8988

ABSTRACT

The present hermeneutic phenomenological research aims to

highlight the importance of mental and physical health care in post-

pandemic contemporary life. With this brief background, the need to

generate a "mental health culture" from the university classrooms is

proposed, incorporating projects of linkage with the community that

include physical activities, sports and recreation. Methodologically,

among fifty articles, the 12 main publications related to the proposed

research topic were taken, six of them have been published during the

year 2020, and six in the course of this year 2021. The search databases

were: Psycinfo, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Psicodoc and

PsycARTICLES.

RESUMEN

La presente investigación fenomenológica hermenéutica, tiene como

objetivo destacar la trascendencia del cuidado de la salud mental y

física, en la vida contemporánea postpandemia. Con este breve

antecedente, se plantea la necesidad de generar una “cultura de salud

mental” desde las aulas universitarias, incorporando proyectos de

vinculación con la colectividad que incluyan actividades físicas,

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deporte y recreación. Metodológicamente, entre cincuenta artículos,

se tomaron las 12 principales publicaciones relacionadas con la

temática de investigación propuesta, de ellos, seis han sido publicados

durante el año 2020, y seis en el transcurso del presente año 2021. Las

bases de datos de búsqueda fueron: Psycinfo, MEDLINE, Google

Académico, Psicodoc y PsycARTICLES.

Keywords / Palabras clave

mental health, sport, post-pandemia, society

salud mental, deporte, postpandemia, sociedad

Introduction

With the appearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome, known as

COVID-19, the world took a completely different course, starting with

its identification in 2019 in the city of Wuhan (China), generating a

series of social phenomena that have had an impact on the psycho-

emotional stability of the world population. Specifically, in the case of

mental health, there is research that has shown that the world

population experienced symptoms of anxiety, depression, panic,

anguish, fear and reaction to stress, highlighting, perhaps more than

on other occasions, the importance of mental health and its close

relationship with physical and recreational activity (Vivanco et al.,

2020).

According to Martinez (2020) pandemics usually bring a series of

serious manifestations and sequelae, depending on the intensity of the

pandemic, but they always have an impact on the affected population,

and obviously, psychological and mental factors are usually influenced

in a negative way. The research conducted by Huarcaya (2020), based

on the compilation of studies, shows through its results that, during

the initial phase of the pandemic, symptoms and emotional problems

such as anxiety, depression and high levels of reaction to stress could

be identified in the population worldwide. In this context, health

personnel who worked directly with the sick and who had to deal with

very severe cases and death, suffered high levels of depression,

anguish, stress and helplessness.

Apparently, sport and physical activities, until before the pandemic,

were not viewed with as much importance as they are today. The social

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distancing experienced, together with the restricted mobility to which

we were exposed during various periods while the health crisis was

controlled worldwide, increased the rates of psychological and

psychiatric affectations, with a diversity of symptoms and very

frequent problems such as insomnia, aggressiveness, anguish,

depression, and others related to post-traumatic stress disorder

(Ramirez et al., 2020).

From a bio-psycho-social perspective, the importance of the biological,

psychological and social, their interrelation and self-regulation is

emphasized, stressing that health and disease can be affected

according to these three elements as the main determinants of

homeostasis (Ornelas & Ruíz, 2017). In this conceptual framework, the

objectives of this study are to present to the reader the importance of

linkage projects at the level of sports and physical activities, being

highly valued resources at the moment, because they allow at an

affordable cost, and with the advantage of being adapted or coupled to

contemporary society, based on the age of the practitioner, available

time, and a diversity of alternatives, such as yoga, dance therapy at

home, taichi, and others.

Melgosa (2017) mentions that the body and mind regenerate when we

keep active, many mental disorders are detonated or perpetuated by

the lack of physical activity, being also leisure a necessary element to

balance the emotional needs of people. The most recent studies in the

field of neuroscience, show that physical exercise induces the brain to

function optimally, influences neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and the

creation of neuronal connections in brain areas such as the motor

cortex, prefrontal or hippocampus, improving cognitive performance,

maintaining a healthy brain state (Nielsen et al., 2019).

The work done by Barbosa and Urrea (2018), suggests that there is vast

theoretical evidence on the practice of physical activities and sports,

versus positive and direct benefits in emotional and physical variables;

highlighting the radical regulation of conditions such as anxiety,

depression, and stress reduction. Likewise, cognitive abilities, social

skills, self-concept, resilience and reduction of degenerative diseases

such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease are improved. Authors such

as Fuentes et al. (2020) describe that physical activity and sport could

be applied as a means to combat mental health disorders and

associated pathologies, due to the multiple benefits of their regular

practice and the impact on mental health disorders.

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The study presented by Vera et al. (2019), states that physical activity

in general, brings important benefits for any person, regardless of the

health condition they maintain. By carrying out a physical,

recreational or sports activity, stimulation of various systems is

obtained, including physiological neuroprotection, brain functions are

developed in a better way, neurogenesis is stimulated, resistance to

neuronal injury is enhanced, increasing synaptic development at a

high level, improving mental performance and learning.

For Bernate et al. (2019), the subject of physical education within

university education, aims to create a space where students have fun

and can develop at a motor level, have playful spaces, where they take

advantage of the optimal use of free time, as well as a context in which

they can express themselves and communicate verbally through

activities where respect prevails to acquire coexistence standards,

achieve interaction and active participation of students, promoting

values, as well as respect for the differences among all.

A recent research on university life, anthropometric measures,

nutritional habits, physical activity and alcohol consumption,

conducted by Villaquiran et al. (2018), indicates that the university

population is vulnerable to suffer non-communicable diseases due to

sedentary life in the classroom, low intake of fruits and vegetables, and

alcohol consumption. Worrying behaviors that should be controlled

from intervention proposals that promote healthy lifestyles, such as

the frequent practice of physical activities and sports.

Cardoso et al. (2018) in their exploration conducted in health, sport

and recreation for a healthy university, highlight as benefits of sports

practice, through their proposed program within a Colombian higher

education institution, a greater social interaction inside and outside

the university, which promotes a student culture oriented towards the

quality of life of the social actors that converge in this. The care of body

and mental health, under the current pressures at the level of a

technologized society and where stress, and adequate efficiency in

work tasks are the order of the day, sport and nutrition are intimately

linked elements that, necessarily, must be part of the cultural learning

of the new generations (Barbany, 2018).

Promoting physical activity for health or to investigate the healthy

lifestyle habits of the population and its link with sport, as indicated

by Soto (2018) should be one of the main lines of research in the

projects of linkage with the community, where the desires, interests

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and needs of the population with which we will intervene are included

and recognized, since not only sport is the only bodily practice that

positively affects people's lives.

Hernández et al. (2018) executed a research in 480 students between

18 and 36 years of age at the University of Girona - Spain, where a self-

report was administered to assess drug use (tobacco, alcohol,

cannabis, cocaine, heroin, volatile inhalants, amphetamines,

hallucinogens), It was found that non-consumers practiced more

sports than those who frequently used psychoactive substances, with

marijuana being the substance with the highest consumption,

demonstrating the importance of integrating preventive measures

against cannabis consumption in university programs and degrees,

aimed at promoting sports activities and health.

Sport and physical activities within the care of bodily and mental

health, have had such transcendence in society, that they have been

approached from different disciplines such as psychology, law,

anthropology, medicine, sociology, and other branches that have

sought to complement them, being leisure and sport, tools that

promote human development (Romeo and Lazarus, 2018).

This element, which has various functions at a social, cultural and

influential level on the well-being of human health, from the point of

view of the sociology of sport, is rooted in the social imaginary (Pérez

and Muñoz, 2018), becoming a vital element that is part of the cultural

structure of man and is linked to a healthy lifestyle. It also represents

an important "leisure tool" that improves self-esteem, is part of the

personal choices of individuals in the construction of their own

identity, in turn, it is an activity that generates social and economic

development, which represents a considerable contribution to the

market and employment.

Materials and Methods

As an essential methodological procedure, priority was given to the

inquiry of the information, and the location of the correct search string

(Turpo, 2017). According to this parameter, the present documentary

research was carried out based on an exhaustive search in the

databases Psycinfo, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Psycdoc and

PsycARTICLES. The keywords used were: "mental health", "sport",

"postpandemia", and "society". To broaden the search results, the term

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"mental health" was replaced by its English translation "mental

health" and "sport" by "sport", and the words "post-pandemic and

society" took the form of "post-pandemic and society".

This conjunction made it possible to compose a sample of fifty

scientific articles that were selected from the publications obtained

using the previously mentioned search filters. At this point it is worth

mentioning that, the parameters raised by Parraguez et al. (2017) on

specificity and delimitation of the topic were followed. Thus, from

among the fifty articles, the 12 main publications related to the

proposed research topic were taken, of which six were published

during the year 2020, and six in the course of the current year 2021.

The total sample was selected with publication ranges between the

years 2020 and 2021, it is mentioned that the approaches of Codina

(2018) were applied, who indicates that a literature review is

composed of two fundamental elements: the documents chosen for

such review (generally, scientific articles), and the result of the

aggregation and interpretation of the same. Thus, the sample of twelve

authors is composed of research that has a greater concordance in

findings and results in relation to the topic of the present work. For

this reason, the research products were organized under the

parameters of: author, year of publication, summary of the most

outstanding research contributions and research results. Another

criterion for inclusion of the studies was that the publication should be

descriptive in nature, and that it should have been published in

Spanish or English. In contrast, articles and information based on

objectives that were not in line with the purpose of this review were

eliminated.

Results

The following are the results of the main findings identified in this

literature review, including twelve studies that highlight the need and

importance of the holistic approach and transdisciplinary intervention

when focusing on programs that generate an impact with positive

results on mental and physical health through the practice of play,

recreational, physical and sports activities, considering the

contemporary reality after the health crisis that has not yet been

overcome worldwide.

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Table 1. Systematic review

Author and

year of

publication

Summary of the

most outstanding

research

contributions

Research results

Barreira et al.

(2020).

The 2020 pandemic

places a set of

physical, mental and

emotional demands

on all people,

especially in countries

that do not have

specific public

policies to deal with

mental health in such

a situation.

The practice of post-

pandemic physical

activities and sports

contribute at a social

level to regulate the

control of anxiety and the

resulting well-being.

Post-confinement

physical exercise

provides the practitioner

with an auxiliary ritual

and a metabolic criterion

to reestablish the

parameters of time and

space in the routines, as

long as it is practiced on a

weekly basis.

Iglesias et al.

(2020).

According to official

UNESCO data, it is

estimated that more

than 70% of the total

number of students

enrolled,

representing more

than 1,000,000,000

students, in 186

different national

contexts around the

globe, have been

affected by the

closure of schools,

colleges and

universities in the

second semester of

studies in 2019-2020.

In the field of pedagogy,

curriculum, formal

education and

implementation of

disruptive, democratic,

decolonial, anti-racist

pedagogies, oriented

towards social justice,

committed to a

continuous process of

reflection and permanent

improvement, oriented

towards equality; sports

and projects related to

leisure and recreational

activities, are constituted

as an accessible and

economic alternative of

social intervention,

which has formative

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qualities at the

personality level, and

implies an impact on the

individual and the

community.

Fernandez et

al. (2020).

The research work of

these authors in the

population of older

adults indicates that

in the study group

(62.2% women and

37.8% men), 95.6% of

the total sample

studied considered

that they belonged to

a risk segment. The

emotions presented

were: fear and dread

34%, sadness,

depression, anguish

23.1%, panic, anxiety

21.9%, the same

related to concern

about contracting

COVID - 19 with

37.2%, missing

relatives 29.2%,

economic problems

18.6%. Most of them

presented

psychoemotional

conditions due to

confinement. It is

necessary to

emphasize the lack of

health care, adequate

information, and no

psychological support

in this vulnerable

sector.

There are no post-COVID

programs for the elderly

population in Ecuador.

This vulnerable sector

requires the practice of

physical and recreational

activities designed for

their age, where elements

such as weight, age, level

of flexibility, diseases

that may coexist, in

addition to a

comprehensive medical

and psychosportive

assessment are

considered. The national

health policy for the

group of young and older

adults aims to optimize

the responsibilities and

competencies of the

different Ministries, such

as Public Health,

Education, Social

Welfare, Ecuadorian

Institute of Social

Security, including the

Armed Forces and

National Police,

Municipalities,

Provincial Councils and

other actors that make up

the governmental

machinery.

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Moscoso

(2020).

For this researcher,

sport in today's reality

requires necessarily

contemplating that

the new social

paradigm revolves

around three facets

that will mark

existence: social

uncertainty, security

as a new culture, and

the hyper-

technologization of

social behavior. Sport

is the reflection of a

culture and nowadays

it has gained more

followers, due to the

health and benefits it

can generate.

To revitalize the sports

sector after this major

health crisis, it is

essential to promote

access to sports, support

the development of

physical activities and

competitive sports,

starting at the federative

level, which will allow the

economic revival of

companies and sports

services. Starting with

fiscal measures that

encourage the

reincorporation to the

practice of sports among

the population. Measures

are also required to

activate and regulate

physical-recreational

activities in children,

youth and university

populations, generating a

culture of physical and

mental care.

Simon and

Lopez

(2020).

This study, carried

out in the Spanish

population, concludes

that physical activity

is "the best purchase"

that could be made

today in public health

for the West. In

addition, the study

concluded that

physical exercise in

society could reduce

public health

spending in Spain by

10%.

The 3 main reasons given

by 75.8% of the health

professionals who

participated in the study

suggest that outdoor

physical exercise is

essential for the

maintenance of health

and well-being for the

following medical

reasons: for adequate

physical and mental

functioning of the body,

to achieve sufficient

exposure to light (85%),

to reduce stress and

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anxiety levels (72%), to

increase caloric

expenditure and to train

aerobic capacity in

people with difficulties in

performing strength

and/or high intensity

training (61%).

Cabrera

(2020).

The studies found

point to negative

effects on the mental

health of the

population during the

periods of

confinement and

social distancing

derived from the

pandemic. Fear of

contagion, stress,

frustration, financial

uncertainty,

stigmatization and

social isolation are

registered in the

population.

The World Health

Organization

recommends 150

minutes of physical

activity per week, which

implies about 30 minutes

of physical activity per

day. In this regard, there

has been an increase in

programs oriented to

physical activity in

homes with a large

number of participants

worldwide, aimed at

combating the

psychological effects of

isolation and social

distancing due to the

pandemic.

Sebastian et

al. (2021).

The World Health

Organization suggests

physical activity and

avoiding a sedentary

lifestyle to prevent

diseases such as

diabetes, obesity,

high blood pressure

and depression.

Sports and physical

activities prevent

respiratory problems.

It is known that a

good

physiotherapeutic

Physical activity and

sports have a positive

influence on physical and

mental health because

there is a massive release

of endorphins, which

reduce anxiety, stress

and prevent and improve

depression; the

production of

endorphins generates

tranquility and well-

being, thus creating a

feeling of analgesia. The

cardiovascular, digestive,

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exercise can be

practical in chronic

obstructive

pulmonary disease,

cystic fibrosis and

asthma.

respiratory and

endocrine systems

recover, cardiac and

respiratory activity

improves, obesity is

prevented, and the

musculoskeletal system

is strengthened.

Flax (2021).

The main

contributions of this

author's research

show that regular

physical activity

(RPA) is an important

tool to face the

adverse effects caused

on the organism due

to COVID infection,

and his argument is

based on the fact that:

a) it improves the

immune system

response, b) it

increases the action of

the angiotensin

converting enzyme

iso-form two axis,

which favors anti-

inflammatory and

antithrombotic stages

and decreases

oxidative stress.

With these findings, he

concluded that the

systematic practice of

AFR offers a better

preventive response to

COVID-19, reducing the

risk of mortality. Sport

and physical activity

contribute to the good

maintenance of people's

physical and mental

health conditions. It is

important to generate a

culture of health care in

Latin America that helps

to create a preventive

awareness of COVID-19.

Sport, within public

policies, is a valuable

low-cost prevention and

intervention tool that can

be accessed by the

world's population.

Market

(2021).

Sport is constituted as

a social activity that

expresses different

symbologies, which is

the reflection of a

culture or society.

Physical education,

physical activity and

sports have a great

multiplying effect on

It is important that Latin

America begins to

generate public policies

that guide and integrate

sport, without

discrimination for all

people, including those

who have a diverse

gender identity or some

type of disability, and

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societies, generating

individual and

collective happiness,

harmony, cohesion

and, of course,

benefits for physical

and emotional health,

as well as social and

economic

development and the

empowerment of

young people.

guarantee spaces free of

discrimination, sexism,

racism, violence,

homophobia, gender

violence, reinforcing a

new culture of health in

which recreational,

physical and sporting

activities are considered

as alternative and

complementary

proposals.

Cadena and

Cardozo

(2021).

The practice of

physical activities and

health care are related

to self-concept, which

encompasses the

labels that a person

attributes to

him/herself, related

to physical attributes,

behavioral

characteristics and

psychoemotional

qualities. The

subjective perception

of physical condition

is related to bodily

elements such as

strength, flexibility,

endurance, speed,

reactions and others,

which will determine

the individual's self-

concept, influenced

by factors such as age,

sex, economic and

cultural conditions,

among others.

The importance of

implementing

intervention programs

aimed at health

promotion, related to

physical self-concept,

self-esteem, body image,

and their consequences,

in addition to other

aspects of physical and

mental health in

university students,

where the use of

technologies as a means

of remote education has

taken on greater

importance in situations

of confinement, is

highlighted. The

emergence of distance

learning media such as B-

learning, E-learning, M-

learning, 3D E-learning,

We-learning should be

considered in university

welfare or health units

within the students' own

institutions.

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Buitrago et

al. (2021).

The therapeutic

measures that have

been taken can be

described as non-

specific and old

during the global

health crisis and there

are still no well-

defined post-

pandemic mental

health policies.

During the health

crisis, a list of

population reactions

such as acceptance,

denial, anger,

paranoid delirium,

openly oppositional

attitudes and even

moments of euphoric

outburst have been

documented.

Scientific research on

the mental health

impact of this type of

phenomena is

currently very scarce,

although it will

probably be very

numerous in the years

to come.

Proposals for

intervention are

analyzed, discussing the

scarcity of research on

COVID-19, its impact on

the social, health and

personal levels. Based on

this background, a series

of recommendations for

the care and

psychological

intervention of the

population, health

workers, and the world

community are

proposed, taking into

consideration: 1)

psychological and

psychosocial works and

research on topics

related to the subject. 2)

the approach of new

interventions and models

of action in the face of

pandemic situations.

Urrea and

Cañon

(2021).

Studies carried out in

the context of other

epidemics have

shown that

compulsory isolation

and quarantine are

measures that

generate vital

negative experiences

in the community,

since they cause

It is emphasized that

each subject is

responsible for their own

care and autonomous in

making decisions that

initiate the search for

physical and mental

wellbeing. However, it is

the State who must

provide the tools and

make them available to

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psychological health

problems during their

duration and can even

be extended once the

diseases are under

control. Among the

symptoms, several

emotional or mood

symptoms have been

reported, which

enhance some

stressors.

citizens for the search for

wellbeing. In this

contextual framework,

recreation, physical

activity and sport are

resources that should be

promoted at the public

policy level.

After carrying out the bibliographic exploration, it is possible to

demonstrate that the frequent and controlled practice of physical

activities and sports contribute directly to the care of the body's health,

generating, in addition, states of psychic well-being through the

discharge of tensions and the production of endorphins.

Within this context of benefits that this activity can produce, Hidalgo

et al. (2021) refer to functional training, which is oriented to specific

muscular work in daily life, for which each training routine is based on

the principle of individualization, so it is perfectly adapted to the needs

of inactive subjects derived from the COVID-19 pandemic, being a

different proposal in the area of physical activity with health effects.

Rodriguez and Orozco (2021) mention that cardiac and pulmonary

rehabilitation programs have shown to improve the results during the

COVID-19 pandemic, through the frequent practice of sports.

Currently, there are several physical exercise routines, regulated at

different intensities, which can be supported by robotic technological

elements that are used in oncological, cardiac and neurological

diseases.

In a post-COVID study on the quality of life in the Spanish population,

García et al (2020) indicate that confinement has changed the

conditions for practicing physical activity, affecting the quantity and

intensity, with only neuromotor or functional training and flexibility

activities, and sports disciplines that are easily adapted to the home,

with little demand for space and equipment.

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On the other hand, at the level of the university population, Daoudi et

al. (2021) in their work on strategies to improve mental health in the

face of COVID-19 confinement, determined that the coping strategies

used by students were 12, these strategies were grouped into 3 groups:

cognitive, emotional and finally behavioral category, which, in turn,

are subdivided into two types: passive and active. In the studies

analyzed, it is possible to mention that it was found that physical

exercise as a coping strategy in the face of problems and stressful

situations was the regulation mechanism most used by university

students. However, these authors found that the main coping strategy

of university students in the face of the pandemic and post pandemic,

are drugs and alcohol consumption.

Conclusions

Post-COVID-19 contemporary life has generated a series of social,

medical and psychological situations that have generally affected the

world's population. Thus, recreational, physical and sporting activities

are valuable resources available to today's society to deal with the

aftermath of the pandemic. Particularly in Ecuador there are mental

health and physical care projects, however, they have not been

exploited and developed to their full extent, taking advantage of the

benefits that these activities can generate.

At the university level, projects that benefit society have been

proposed, being very scarce the research works and linkage with the

community that have taken sport and recreation as a fundamental

axis, despite the fact that they are valuable instruments of social

intervention at the level of psychological and physical health. In this

sense, this research proposal highlights the enormous contributions

that can be obtained with this type of programs, requiring low-cost

investments, with achievable and real objectives, which can generate

interesting impacts on the Ecuadorian population.

References

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