https://doi.org/10.37955/cs.v6i3.280
Received June 08, 2021 / Approved October, 06 2021 Pages: 83-101
eISSN: 2600-5743
Venezuelan Migrants and Quality of
Life in Family from Basic
Conditions of Well-being and
Health Balance - OECD. El Espinal
2019-2021
Migrantes Venezolanas y calidad de vida en Familia desde
condiciones Básicas Equilibrio de Bienestar y Salud
OCDE. El Espinal 2019-2021
Martha Liliana Leal Pulido
Mg. in Human Rights and Post-Conflict, Esp. in Public Management, PhD candidate in Research and
Teaching, Teacher at Institución de Educación Superior - ITFIP El Espinal, Colombia,
Mleal84@itfip.edu.co .
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8061-1933
Rodolfo Osuna Guzman
Social Worker, Specialist in Auditing and Quality in Health - Epidemiology
Higher Education Institution - ITFIP El Espinal, Colombia, rosuna65@itfip.edu.co
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1565-1792
Jidid Lorena Cárdenas Gutiérrez
Student of Social Work, Higher Education Institution - ITFIP, Espinal, Colombia. E-mail:
jcardenas@itfip.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-4678
ABSTRACT
The UNHCR (2020) establishes that there are 6.04 million migrant
refugees from Venezuela in the world, among them, more than
1,729,000 are located in Colombia, of which 966,000 are in a regular
situation.From a social and socio-economic conflict resolution
perspective, this phenomenon generates an imperative of attention
due to the direct relationship with the environments that bring them,
since they must guarantee an effective deference to all their needs and
requirements; This article allows analyzing the impact on the quality
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of life of Venezuelan residents in El Espinal - Tolima, during the years
2019-2021, from the characterization of their families, the
identification of sanitation conditions and their risk scenarios, with a
sample of 15 families from the subjective and objective well-being of
the same from schemes outlined by ECLAC, from a concurrent mixed
research from social mapping, survey and content analysis, concluding
from the subjective perception of the members of the nucleus a basic
average in their welfare from housing conditions, informal ambulatory
jobs, and imbalance in the guarantee of rights such as education and
health due to lack of agency.
RESUMEN
La ACNUR (2020) establece que en el mundo hay 6,04 millones de
refugiados migrantes de Venezuela, entre ellos, más de 1.729.000 se
ubican en Colombia, de los cuales, 966.000 se encuentran en situación
regular, que desde el ámbito social y desde la resolución de conflictos
socio – económicos, este fenómeno genera un imperativo de atención
por la relación directa con los entornos que los allega, ya que deben
garantizarles una deferencia efectiva en todas sus necesidades y
requerimientos; El presente artículo permite analizar el impacto en la
calidad de vida de los venezolanos residentes en El Espinal Tolima,
durante los años 2019-2021, desde la caracterización de sus familias,
la identificación de las condiciones de saneamiento y sus escenarios
de riesgo, con una muestra de 15 familias desde el bienestar subjetivo
y objetivo de las mismas a partir de esquemas trazados por la CEPAL,
a partir de una investigación mixta concurrente desde la cartografía
social, la encuesta y el análisis de contenido, concluyendo desde la
percepción subjetiva de los miembros del núcleo un promedio básico
en su bienestar a partir de condiciones de vivienda, trabajos
informales ambulatorios, y desequilibrio en la garantía de derechos
como educación y salud por falta de agenciamiento.
Keywords / Keywords
Migrants, Venezuelans, Quality of Life, Basic Conditions, Welfare and
Health, Health and Welfare
Migrantes, venezolanos, Calidad de Vida, Condiciones Básicas,
Bienestar y Salud
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Introduction
It is clear that "the International Organization for Migration (IOM),
created in 1951, is the leading intergovernmental organization in the
field of migration and works closely with governmental,
intergovernmental and non-governmental partners. It has 165 States
Parties." (Mercosur,2016, p.24). The Venezuelan migrant population
living in Colombia experiences various scourges that impact
unbalancing their quality of life and welfare, thus, the panorama they
present is given to face critical and unstable basic sanitation conditions
from the environmental, socioeconomic, political, cultural and living
conditions, However, the measurement of this affectation is not given
and therefore, there are no accurate data that show the situation of
these migrants, making relevant the case study in the Municipality of
El Espinal-Tolima, based on the statement of Arango (2019);
In the Municipality of El Espinal-Tolima there is a rate of 1,380
migrants and at the level of the Department of Tolima there are about
three thousand 946 Venezuelans and at the national level, Colombia
has one million 147 thousand, of which 696 thousand are legal
Venezuelans" (p.23).
Which leads to establish the problem question What is the impact of
the existing basic sanitation conditions on the health welfare and its
correspondence in the quality of life of Venezuelan migrant families
residing in the neighborhoods La Esperanza, Caballero y Góngora and
Portal Del Bunde in the Municipality of El Espinal Tolima, in the
period from 2019 to 2021?
The objective is to analyze the impact on the quality of life of
Venezuelan families during the period from 2019 to 2021, based on a
characterization of Venezuelan families living in the neighborhoods of
La Esperanza, Caballero y Góngora and Portal del Bunde, places where
this population is present, to know their basic sanitation conditions
and finally, to describe how they are in relation to risk scenarios that
emit a greater number of affectations to basic sanitation conditions
and quality of life.
Analysis developed with a sample of 15 Venezuelan families living in
the sectors under study, working from the subjective and objective
well-being of the actors involved based on ECLAC standards, with an
intercultural and human rights approach, working with the ecological
theory of Otero (1998) who defined quality of life as
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A process susceptible to change and, therefore, must be evaluated
systematically. A diagnosis of the Quality of Life is only valid for that
moment, for this reason it is important to be away from situations that
affect it and thus be able to live in stability and optimal conditions
(p.15).
On the other hand, references such as Cabás et al. (2019) conducted a
study on the analysis of the protection of human rights of Venezuelan
migrants by the Colombian State in the department of Magdalena.
Castro (2019) with an investigation on the principle of the integrality
of the right to health of forced migrants from Venezuela. Castillo
(2017) with a research on Perceptions of Venezuelan migration:
causes, Spain as a destination, expectations of return. Pedraza (2016)
with the implementation of an instrument to measure the objective,
social and subjective well-being of Latin American migrants and their
quality of life.
Materials and Methods
Research with Mixed character, within a concurrent model from the
vision of Sampieri (2018), with a methodological design in four phases,
addressing quantitative and qualitative techniques and instruments
for the collection of primary, secondary and tertiary source, such as
social mapping, content analysis matrices, as well as the survey that
was established to Venezuelan migrant families residing in the
Municipality of El Espinal - Tolima, located in the urban sectors of
Portar el Bunde, La Esperanza and Caballero y Góngora to find their
quality of life and level of basic sanitation to 2021.
The sample was delimited by a total of 15 families composed entirely
of 95 people, including older adults, adults, young people, children and
adolescents, established within a non-probabilistic chain sampling,
which according to Crespo et al. (2007) the avalanche sampling
consists of:
Asking informants to recommend potential participants also makes it
easier to establish a relationship of trust with new participants thanks
to the introduction of the subject already included in the project, and
also allows access to people who are difficult to identify. Finally, the
researcher has less trouble specifying the characteristics he wants from
new participants (p. 02).
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In addition, we worked under the observation technique with the
development of field diaries that allowed us to establish accurate data
for the analysis of the phenomenon, furthermore, and within the
techniques used for the analysis of quantitative information, we
worked with SPSS, showing the recording of the mean, mode and
variance, finally, it should be noted that the levels of basic sanitation
and quality of life were delimited within the standards established by
ECLAC for their measurement.
Results
From the verification of sources of scientific and practical studies and
the field of social work, the measurements of variables from the
subjective aspect of well-being and quality of life were established, as
follows:
Table 1. Relationship and Measurement of variables from the
subjective in well-being and quality of life.
Aspects of
variable
measurement,
theoretical,
organizational
and field results
approach.
Theory of well-being
measurement through
subjective indicators:
a review (Sen, 1985,
Nussbaum, 2002,
Edgeworth, 1881,
Sugden, 1993).
Assessment of findings
and results in the research
approach to the study
population.
Resources
According to Sen
(1985) points out that
the complementary
use dispersions of
subjective and
objective measures
give the definition of a
minimum list of
capabilities based on
contemporary
standards, this means
that resources are
identified from
standards that are not
purely suggestive,
since the conventions
of society should be
treated as "factual"
issues and not be
approximated
through moral
criteria.
Housing resource:
It was found that 80% of
the families live in
individual dwellings and
20% in tenements, which
is the reason why they are
isolated within the
environment in which
they live together.
Ninety-three percent of
children do NOT have a
vaccination card, which
prevents them from
accessing growth and
development controls and
health promotion
programs, and 7% have
this important benefit.
Within the performance of
labor resources, as basic
sustenance of economic
income in the migrant
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In other words,
resources are the
intrinsically valuable
performance
standards. Example:
work, education,
health, etc.
population in their family
typology systems, it was
determined that 14% of
the members of the
extended family typology
provide sustenance, 7% of
the single-parent typology
reflects these resources,
and 5% of the nuclear
typology,
Capacity
Nussbaum (2002)
refers that capabilities
advocate the notion of
well-being that
integrates freedom
(self-sufficiency) with
dependence.
This recognition is
based on Sen's
critique of freedom as
intrinsically positive,
since there are
freedoms whose
exercise compromises
the dignity and rights
of others (e.g., the
freedom to sexually
abuse a woman).
Thus, for Nussbaum,
human beings have
the capacity and the
need to perform a set
of vital activities
essential to their
human condition and
dignity.
Health factor:
Within the family system,
they stated that when they
suffer from symptoms of
illness in some cases 72%
go to the drugstore, 22%
go to the hospital and in
some situations the
hospital provides care,
and 6% go to a private
doctor when they have
financial resources.
Eating habits factor:
Of the 15 families
surveyed, some do
consume the main
ingredients of the family
basket, as shown in the
following table.
Access to the health
insurance system:
87% of the families are
NOT affiliated with the
general social security
health system because
they do not have the
Special Permit to Stay
(PEP), followed by 13% of
these inhabitants who do
have health insurance.
Control of basic services:
The water that these
families consume is
directly from the
aqueduct; therefore, the 15
families stated that the
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smell, color and taste is
completely normal. For
this reason they do not
have a precaution of this
action and the precautions
that can be experienced if
this activity continues to
be practiced.
Operations
Performance
according to (Sugden,
1993) is based on
intrinsic value, which
means that they are
not defined by
preferences or
individual desires.
On the other hand,
the functioning aspect
covers the aspects of
well-being and, like
the capabilities
approach, pronounces
in favor of a self-
founded perspective
of adventure (one in
the space of utilities
and the other in the
space of freedoms to
function).
Actual and ideal
functioning of family
adaptation:
Within the Venezuelan
migrant family
population, 95% did not
present a special entry and
stay permit (PIP), which
must be granted to
generate the procedure for
entry into the country by
Migration Colombia, and
5% have acquired it,
generating attention in
terms of health services
affiliation and guarantee
in labor performance.
There was isolation in
terms of citizen attention
and security with entities
such as the police and
health care.
Among the migrant
population of Venezuelan
families, there are 47
adults and 18 minors, of
which 17% are women
who work and contribute
to the labor income, and
9% are men.
Utility
It allows the sum of
the pleasures and
pains experienced by
an individual,
Edgeworth (1881).
Tasks and family
coexistence:
The lack of privacy and
good circulation caused by
the lack of adequate space
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It compares the
notion of the
impossibility of
interpersonal
comparison of utility,
allowing the mastery
of a structural
approach to welfare in
the classical
abandonment of what
sustains it example
emotions or affinities.
He points out that he
does not need to
know the reasons why
one alternative is
preferred over
another.
can consequently cause
alterations in both
physical and mental
health by triggering
situations of psychological
stress, favoring the spread
of infectious diseases and
increasing the occurrence
of accidents in the home.
Space development:
It was detected that
people must share rooms,
kitchens and other spaces
that they use for their
well-being. Another
indicator to measure the
intensive use of space is
the amount of m2
available per person,
another aspect presented
would be the amount of
space available per
person.
Source: Own elaboration.
Table 2. Categories of Risk Factors
Category N 1: Biological
risk factor: This category
presents the situation of
the migrant population in
relation to the control of
drinking water and the
effects of diseases triggered
by the environmental
system in which they live,
as well as the frequency of
the manifestations that
most affect the quality of
life and basic sanitation.
Operationalization of
subcategories N1: This category
presents the perception of the
quantitative collection of
information applied to families or
migrant population through a
survey.
Drinking water quality and access
to the liquid service per day.
Control of diseases such as:
intestinal parasitosis, malaria, flu
viruses, mumps, acute tonsillitis,
gastritis, dengue.
Categories N2. behavior:
This category presents the
control of personal hygiene
Operationalization of
subcategories N2: presence of
harmful habits and lack of
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and consumption of breast
milk feeding to children in
their early childhood and
the usual access that
migrant families have in
their feeding within their
personal development. It
also seeks to establish the
informative representation
presented within the
context by the intervened
subjects.
hygienic-sanitary habits" personal
hygiene when bathing or oral
hygiene", lack of knowledge of the
importance of individual and
family self-care, inappropriate
lifestyles in relation to food Access
to basic family basket products.
Category N3: Health services:
Consequently, this category
shows how the interaction and
access that the population has
to health services that provide
their right to a balanced quality
of life within the international
human rights system is
established. Thus, the following
relationships were established
in the applied technique: The
children have a vaccination
card, when they suffer a
symptom of illness where they
usually go for medical
consultation, and finally, it
establishes the access of
affiliation to the general health
security system that this
population has.
Operationalization of
subcategories N3: lack of health
services that refer to the aspects of
promotion and prevention, cure
and rehabilitation, in addition to
an increase in the demand for
health services and characteristics
of persistent deficits in the
provision of health services in
relation to..:
Breastfeeding program.
Early Childhood Care and
Feeding by the UN
Early Childhood Protection
Program ICBF
Access to basic health
services in case of emergencies.
Category N4 social:
establishes the inadequacy
of the application of public
policies that protect the
rights of integrity of
individuals to be subject to
violation and maintenance
of social groups without
integration, little attention
to fundamental human
needs.
Operationalization of
subcategories N4: this
subcategory presents the impact of
migration on aspects of limitations
in the social dynamics that take
place in the concentration of places
of residence, shelters or access to
decent housing, presenting
possible problems of overcrowding
that cause instability factors such
as:
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Category N5 Economic.
Within this category, the
scale of state investment in
infrastructure and services
in health and basic
sanitation, deficiencies in
roads and transportation,
local cost overruns due to
the influence of companies
and insufficient access to
labor production of goods
and social services.
Lack of privacy and good
circulation caused by the lack of
adequate space can, consequently,
cause alterations in both physical
and mental health by triggering
situations of psychological stress,
favoring the spread of infectious
diseases and increasing the
occurrence of accidents in the
home.
Category N5 Economic.
Within this category, the
scale of state investment in
infrastructure and services
in health and basic
sanitation, deficiencies in
roads and transportation,
local cost overruns due to
the influence of companies
and insufficient access to
labor production of goods
and social services.
Operationalization of
subcategories N5:
Within this category, the following
subcategories are presented:
Failure to remunerate labor fairly
or pay at a low cost labor supply
change caused by the increase of
migrants can generate the
implementation of informal
employment.
Increase in the number of tax and
service inputs has both positive
and negative aspects: e.g. increase
in the interest rate.
Affected by the increase in poverty
in Colombia.
Inability of local labor markets to
accommodate the influence of
short-term migrants
Category N6
environmental. Little
harmony between human
activities and adverse
climatic conditions, little
consideration for the
region's natural threats.
Operationalization of
subcategories N6: This
subcategory presents the possible
environmental impacts produced
within environmental spaces.
Increase in the number of
temporary shelters located in areas
that are unsuitable by the state,
such as public, vacant or at-risk
zones or areas.
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Spread of localized diseases in
climatic environments of
transmission.
Table 3. Migratory Status, in Family, Socioeconomic and Social
Protection Scope
Aspects
findings
Socioeconomic status
Structural problem significant
reductions in poverty and extreme
poverty levels (ECLAC, 2012).
Poverty of the rural population was the
main trigger for migratory flows to
urban areas.
Vulnerability to insufficient and
unstable income is an important
consideration in the decision to
migrate in search of higher paying jobs.
Family strategy in which remittances
constitute a form of informal social
protection
Family structure
condition
The family structure and the gender
roles within it have been profoundly
transformed in Latin America and the
Caribbean (Sunkel, 2006; Arriagada,
2005; Ullmann, Maldonado Valera and
Rico, 2014).
Loss of validity of the traditional family
model that placed the man as the sole
provider and the woman in charge of
domestic and care work.
Increase in single-parent households,
consolidating the female gender in the
labor market and as an income and
care provider.
Breakdown of the family bond.
Changes in terms of household
structure at origin and destination.
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Family migration takes place in stages,
with the adult (male or female) moving
first and then the rest of the family, if
the project is the migration of the
entire group.
Gender as a structuring axis of social
inequality in the case of migrants.
Territorial dimension
condition
Population at lower levels of welfare
and scarcity of job opportunities for its
inhabitants.
Disparity of results in terms of income,
opportunities, access to services, well-
being and effective enjoyment of rights.
Loss of the factor of origin and identity
when born in another place.
Passage to the return of temporary,
stationary or definitive permanence.
Condition of access to
social protection and
human development
Social protection in places of origin: as
a system of income support and access
to public and basic services, (Vargas
Faulbaum, 2015).
Vulnerability in contexts of violence,
domestic, social or armed conflict, have
motivated migration for reasons other
than labor and economic.
Motivation of migratory flows due to
political and economic crises.
Possibility of carrying out a life project
free of violence and with a basic level of
well-being and security.
Financing transfer costs for
administrative procedures to leave or
enter the country.
Displacement generates an increasing
risk of disconnection and loss of
benefits in universal, territory-wide
access mechanisms in the country of
origin.
Vulnerability in physical integrity,
violation of human and labor rights.
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Phenomena of extortion and
kidnapping by individuals or groups
that abuse their unprotected situation.
Risks of psychological abuse, physical
mistreatment, sexual abuse.
Possibility of access to basic care,
health, education (especially at school
age), and nutrition services.
Source: prepared according to adaptation of information ECLAC,
2017.
Table 4. Dimensions Established by ECLAC from Social Protection
and Migration Factors
Aspects dimension Social protection
and migration:
a look from vulnerabilities
ECLAC, (2017).
Territorial dimension of
findings in population
Sociodemographic or territorial
factors
Population 15 migrant
families 57 civilians as a
sample, located in
residence within the
urban geographic context
of the municipality of
Espinal Tolima in the
neighborhoods of La
Esperanza, Caballero
Góngora and Portal del
Bunde.
Family structure factor
(women, men and minors)
Extensive typology of 5
families, 23 adults and 10
children.
Nuclear typology 3
families and 6 adults 1
minor.
Single-parent typology 7
families, 12 adults and 5
minors.
Socioeconomic role factor (economic
income,)
Income by gender within
the 15 families is 65%
female and 45% male.
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Social protection
factor
100% of the 15 migrant
families report having
access. To drinking water,
sewage and energy
services.
Of the 15 migrant
families, 65% do not have
access to health care and
35% report having access
to health care.
Source: own elaboration (2021).
Table 5. The characterization of the population was given within
five components established specifically below.
Component
Variable
Indicator
Dimensional
dad
Type of
Variable
Variable Type
Category
Staff
Genre
Age
It has two
indicators
(age marking
of subjects
and male or
female
gender)
Multidimensio
nal
Category
Nominal
Nominal
Family
Family
typology
It has two
indicators,
family
typology
(nuclear,
single-
parent,
extended)
and type of
housing
(tenant,
rental,
shelter).
One-
dimensional
Category
Nominal
Welfare
Type of food
consumed by
the
population of
migrant
adults and
children
during their
stages and
conditions of
malnutrition.
It has a level
of two
indicators
(yes, no) to
the food you
usually eat
and consume
during
childhood,
adulthood
and their
One-
dimensional
Category
Nominal
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respective
nutrition.
Control of
personal
cleanliness,
living spaces
and drinking
water
It has a level
of two
indicators
(yes, no) for
personal and
housing
hygiene
control.
One-
dimensional
Category
Nominal
Social and territorial
Portability of
permission
to stay in the
country
Access to
labor and
economic
resources
It has a level
of two
indicators
(yes, no) for
the
portability of
permits to
migrant
population.
It has a level
of two
indicators
(yes, no)
before
having labor
and
economic
resources.
Multidimensio
nal
Category
Nominal
Source: Own elaboration.
Table 6. The characterization of the age of the members was
worked under frequency with the SPSS program, obtaining the
following results:
Frequency
Percentag
e
Valid
percentage
Percentage
to
cumulative
Valid
1
3,2
3,4
1
1,6
5,1
1
1,6
6,8
1
1,6
8,5
1
1,6
10,2
1
1,6
11,9
1
1,6
13,6
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4,8
18,6
3,2
22,0
1
1,6
23,7
3,2
27,1
3,2
30,5
3,2
33,9
6,5
40,7
3,2
44,1
4,8
49,2
5
8,1
57,6
6,5
64,4
4,8
69,5
3,2
72,9
5
8,1
81,4
3,2
84,7
4,8
89,8
1
1,6
91,5
1
1,6
93,2
45
1
1,6
94,9
1
1,6
96,6
1
1,6
98,3
1
1,6
100,0
Total
95,2
Lost
System
4,8
Total
100,0
Source: Own elaboration (2021) SPSSV23 data output of the survey
instrument applied in migrant population.
Detailing that the ages present range from 0 to 66 years of age, within
which 40% are within the ranges of 16 to 33 years with greater
presence of youth and adulthood and 33% of the population from 33 to
66 years of age, manifesting the range of adults and with 26% of the
population from 1 year of age to 12 years of age in the childhood stage.
The analyzed migratory phenomenon presented single-parent, nuclear
and extended family characteristics, with a high presence of minors,
who due to their condition of vulnerability affected the condition of
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cleanliness, services, with an imbalance in the welfare during their
human development in the different stages and life cycles they sustain.
On the other hand, the target population does not register a temporary
protection permit PPT (Migratory Regulation Mechanism), which
disqualifies them from holding regular employment, health, citizen
security, a situation that led them to move from their country of origin,
along with processes of inequality and lack of goods, therefore, it is
denoted that this population has had to change their cultural customs
and territorial appeasement with the acquisition of new identities and
diversity of nationalities among the members of their families.
However, the perception of well-being of migrant families in terms of
social security was of a basic average, with no vaccination coverage for
the youngest children, with housing isolation due to having to share
the same space among different members, depriving them of privacy,
with high rates of poverty, with a majority of them working in informal
jobs,
Finally, and from the position of Durkheim (1893) "the evolution of
societies from simpler societies to more complex, structured and
organized societies, require a greater effort to be understood", hence,
the social role and skills developed within the Venezuelan migrants
located in the Municipality of El Espinal -Tolima are postulated to
sustain these individuals in the face of the humanitarian crisis
challenge in which they are immersed.
Conclusions
It is concluded that the impact of basic sanitation conditions on health
welfare and its correspondence in the quality of life of Venezuelan
families residing in the neighborhoods of La Esperanza, Caballero y
Góngora and portal del bunde in the municipality of El Espinal Tolima
in the period from 2019 to 2021, was given from the subjective
perception of welfare presented by the members of the family nucleus
in terms of social security with a basic average, due to their housing
condition in asylum, poverty and an imbalance in the guarantee of
their rights, with linkage to informal and ambulatory jobs.
On the other hand, and from the ECLAC measurements, the
characteristics of the conditions of the Venezuelan migrant population
residing in El Espinal, with a predominant single-parent family
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structure with a total of 7 families of the 15 studied, being this 46.66%,
with a socio-economic role measured from the income by gender, are
set as characteristics of the Venezuelan migrant population living in El
Espinal, The socio-economic role measured from the income by
gender, established with a measurement of 65% female and 45% male,
determining as within these family structures a loss of the traditional
model that placed the man as the sole provider, as a factor of social
protection, 65% do not count with attention and access to health
services.
It is determined within the territorial dimensional condition that the
migrant population of the sectors of La Esperanza, Caballero y
Góngora and Portal del Bunde do not have stable labor opportunities,
since they work informally and therefore their welfare levels are low,
with a loss of cultural identity and with a definitive stay in the city of
El Espinal, with low possibilities of carrying out a life project with
welfare and security.
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