https://doi.org/10.37955/cs.v6i3.275
Received: October 14, 2021 / Approved: March 3, 2022 Pages: 30-45
eISSN: 2600-5743
Empowerment and autonomy of
women in the economy
El empoderamiento y autonomía de las mujeres dentro de
la economía
Jenny Maldonado Castro
Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo - Ecuador, School of Business Sciences,
jmaldonado@uteq.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-7695
Angel Maldonado Castro
Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo - Ecuador, School of Business Sciences,
amaldonado@uteq.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6478-7365
Daniel Parra Gavilánez
Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo - Ecuador, School of Business Sciences,
dparra@uteq.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0645-2767
María del Carmen Guzmán Macías
Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo - Ecuador, School of Business Sciences,
mguzman@uteq.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-0263
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research is to describe the barriers that women
have faced over the years, which leads to establish their impact on
economic, financial and social aspects. The research has a
documentary design, for the collection of information a
brainstorming session was carried out, the topic was chosen, the
documents were searched in Google academic articles, Mendeley was
used as a database and the most important data related to the topic
were analyzed. The results show that women have increased their
level of education, which allows them to have access to a better job
and therefore obtain more income in the economic aspect, in the
financial aspect, women have greater access to credit to be able to
undertake, although this is of a minimum value and in the short term,
the aim is to increase the credit capacity of women and increase it to
a longer term and at a lower interest rate, within society there are still
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problems in terms of respecting women's rights, macho men who
consider women to be inferior still do not respect them and assault
them, even so the struggle continues and the strength of women to
increase their participation and make their voices heard continues.
RESUMEN
El objetivo de esta investigación es describir las barreras que han
enfrentado las mujeres a lo largo de los años, lo que conlleva a
establecer su impacto en aspectos: económicos, financieros y sociales.
La investigación tiene un diseño documental, para la recolección de
información se realizó una lluvia de ideas se eligió el tema los
documentos se buscaron en Google académico artículos se utilizó como
base de datos Mendeley y se procedió a realizar el análisis de los datos
más importantes relacionados al tema. Los resultados muestran que las
mujeres han incrementado su nivel de estudio lo cual le permite tener
acceso a un mejor empleo y por ende obtener más ingresos en aspecto
económico, en el aspecto financiero se las mujeres tienen mayor
acceso a un crédito para poder emprender aunque sin bien este es de
un valor mínimo y a corto plazo se busca incrementar la capacidad de
crédito de las mujeres y que este aumente a un mayor plazo y una
menor tasa de interés, dentro de la sociedad aún existen
inconvenientes en lo que se refiere a respetar los derechos de las
mujeres los hombres machistas que consideran a las mujeres como
un ser inferior siguen sin respetarlas agrediéndolas, aun así la lucha
sigue y la fuerza de las mujeres por incrementar su participación y
hacer escuchar su voz sigue.
Keywords / Palabras clave
Inclusion, participation, rights, education, employment.
Inclusión, participación, derechos, educación, empleo
Introduction
Societies are characterized by reducing the opportunities to which
individuals can access simply because they possess a particular
characteristic; racial or gender, affect their path of economic growth
by implementing rigidities on social institutions that are constituted
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as the pillars of economic growth over the long term.(Botello-
Peñaloza and Guerrero-Rincón ,2017)..
Despite the great scientific and technological advances of the 21st
century, gender gaps have not yet been eliminated. No matter how
many inclusion policies, gender quotas and high degree of awareness
of this problem, justice, equity and inclusion are still far away. By
2017 worldwide, the female population was 49.6%, however, the
participation of women in different social, political, economic areas;
including finance are not close to 50%, on the contrary, they are
below their potential (Herrera 2019).
The empowerment of women in the economy "Although worldwide
there are still gaps in access to credit according to income and education
level, it is also based on gender, to the detriment of women. The
intention to generate an entrepreneurship by women is lower than that
of men worldwide and this because there is a perception on the part of the
female gender in a better capacity in self-sufficiency, finance and
technology. Increasing barriers to women's economic inclusion and
development. (Navas and Moncayo,2019).
The purpose of this research focuses on describing the barriers that
women have faced over the years, which leads to establish their
impact on economic, financial and social aspects. For which a
qualitative research level has been considered according to its
documentary design (descriptive-explanatory) as the data collection
technique using documentary observation as the basis for the
development, analysis and interpretation in relation to the role that
women have developed in the above mentioned aspects. (Orellana
and Sánchez, 2010).
In Latin countries such as Mexico, Colombia and Ecuador where
gender gaps are reflected both at the economic and labor level
towards women to participate in the economy of their country have
been decreasing. Given the evidence of the barriers they have faced in
the environment, currently they have been able to provide a higher
level of job security which gives them an opportunity for stability and
protection in society. (Sanchez, 2019). From a generalist perspective,
empowerment is the expansion of the belongings and capacities of
the poor population to participate, negotiate, influence, control and
hold accountable the institutions that affect their lives. Its adaptation
to the gender issue implies that it can be understood as the ability of
women to make vital strategic choices, which had previously been
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denied, and which entail 0a transformation in institutions, but also in
patriarchal structures (Martínez and Carrasco,2013) .
"There are two points that should be emphasized. First,
empowerment refers to strategic life decisions, That is,
decisions that are critical for people to live the life they desire.
Second, empowerment involves the expansion of the ability of
an individual or group of people to make choices, in a context
where this ability had previously been denied."(Covarrubias
Feregrino ,2018).
Gender is projected in an excessively masculine and technological
conception of innovation, focused on the progress of high technology,
while all "feminine" and0 "social" innovation is relegated to a second
place, also mentions that women are con00centrated in low paid work
areas and their presence is still scarce in professional and better paid
occupations, with the result that their potential is underutilized and their
contribution to science and technology does not come to full realization
(Muñoz et al,2018). .
The oscillation between thinking of themselves as workers or
housewives is resolved for the latter under the principle that "nothing
has to be given up". For women "it is a matter of getting organized,"
although they are aware that the arrangement is unfavorable. Their
ability to manage time and to organize and mobilize their families
demonstrates an enormous flexibility and capacity for
accommodation. This reproductive centrality, as we see, does not
happen smoothly and harmoniously, is not free of tensions and
implies demands on the substantial members of the division of labor.
(Vega and Bermúdez, 2019).
Within the barriers and possibilities that emerge in the narrative of
women, designing educational lines of action within the framework
of an international cooperation project whose main objective was to
promote entrepreneurship, reveals the importance of including socio-
educational programs that include components from the
ethnographic approach, psycho-educational, socio-cultural and
community programs that favor firstly the mental and physical health
of women and secondly work at the level of close relationships and
community space, in order to achieve greater security, are a clear
example of the barriers that are crumbling step by step in this case
study carried out in Ecuador. (Serrano, 2020).
Indicators that strengthen women's empowerment
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In her study, she discovers five indicators that strengthen
empowerment: the first indicator is an autonomy at the individual
level, however in the labor sphere there is a lower level of progress,
with significant obstacles; the second indicator refers to the fact that
women perceive an advance in the factor of equal opportunities when
compared to previous generations, the third factor shows that women
aged 18 to 64 years consider that there are greater opportunities (or
fewer limitations) for women to be present in areas of a social nature.
A fourth indicator shows the increase in formal accessibility in the
social sphere. (Alamilla and Lara, 2019)..
During the longest period of human history women were considered
a necessary evil, an inferior being, systematically despised by society.
From the moment in which jobs were divided into roles defined for men
and women, this distribution was neither equitable nor symmetrical,
but endowed men with superior and positive values, highlighting them
in their political positions and their functions in war, while women's work
was considered inferior and negative, singling them out only for their
procreative function and directing them to motherhood. However, man is
the only giver of life and woman is the creator. (Cantillo, (2019).
Women have the same work capabilities as men, the fact that women
have a new role as producers facilitates emancipation from the
feeling of selfhood from the marital function, experiencing a feeling
of autonomy since they are given security of the activities they are
able to develop within society. (López , 2016).
Financial system and the degree of women participation
According to a study conducted in Mexico "The financial system in
the country has characteristics that particularly affect women, firstly,
banks have focused on granting consumer loans, secondly, they
exclude various sectors of the population, small businesses and
people with low incomes, in addition financial services are expensive,
due to the high interest rates and high commissions charged, this
exacerbates the difficulties in obtaining loans for the population in
general and for women in particular, mainly those who require
resources to start or develop their businesses" (Paz Calderón and
Espinos Espíndola, 2019). (Paz and Espinosa, 2019).
The term bancarization is related to the general consequences of
inclusion in the financial system, which opens its doors when a
savings account is opened. Savings are encouraged after the existence
of a debit card and new opportunities are opened to produce and
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manage income. Women have the opportunity to manage their
savings and through savings have long-term economic development,
since in the long term they have the option of investing in an
economic activity that improves their income. Access to credit is
considered in the background, considering that they are not able to
fulfill their responsibilities due to the fact that they perform domestic
chores. (Uribe, 2015).
Women's participation in the political arena
The main mechanism currently used in current equality policies to
achieve parity democracy is electoral quotas, which aim to ensure a
minimum of female political representation in parliamentary
elections. Within gender quotas one can find measures that pursue the
establishment of involuntary quotas that are self-imposed by political
parties in order to balance the gender composition of their candidacies
(Fernández de Castro 2017).
The programs in Mexico aimed at this group recognize the need to
reinforce the entrepreneurial-social culture of productive projects
and the mainstreaming of the gender approach, supporting the fact
that by grouping rural and indigenous women and undertaking a
project to carry out productive work, measures of empowerment are
observed within the organization and an economic and social impact
is produced; they begin to make decisions about how to invest money,
what to spend, what to buy; and they start building networks among
themselves and externally by relating commercially with suppliers
and vendors.... (Robinson, Díaz-Carrión, and Cruz, 2019).
Influence on the economic environment
In the work environment such as women's participation in medicine,
"Specific stressors for female physicians, including discrimination in
the workplace, lack of role models, mentors, lower pay and fewer
resources than their peers" (Espinoza-Portilla and Linares-Cabrera,
2020).(Espinoza-Portilla and Linares-Cabrera, 2020)..
The participation of women in institutions such as police, military
service, is a major barrier already overcome by women where "Unlike
men, women face the problem of double workday, besides their
activity as police officers, they have to perform the work of mothers
and wives. However, most of them rely on family and friendship
networks to take care of their children. Because the workday is 24 by
24 hours, in some cases the male partners of female police officers
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have become increasingly involved in the care of their children, when
there are children at all. (Arteaga 2010).
Study of the role of women in Colombia "As the main figure of
transformation for social change, necessary in this political juncture,
which calls us to rethink a number of debates that are still in the
pipeline, such as policies of violence against women, the issue of
revictimization, the establishment of women displaced by violence,
and a number of situations that respect gender. (Castro 2020).
Employment news with a focus on the role of women
It is indicated that agreements on the sharing of domestic work are
flexible and practical solutions that allow solving problems that arise on
a day-to-day basis, in which not much time is invested in dialoguing
about how this sharing is to be. As a result, there are usually no
negotiation processes in which explicit and elaborate rules and
procedures are used. Where the man participates in the household,
supporting the woman by dividing the weight and responsibilities of
caring for a household and work responsibilities.... (Urrutia and Talca
2015).
Analyzing the determinants of female participation in the Chilean
labor force, the article also examines factors such as machismo and
other cultural values that influence female labor participation using
two indicators for cultural variables, constructed on the basis of the
Chilean survey. The first identifies whether a woman's background is
embedded in a machista cultural context; the second classifies
women according to a value index that identifies conservative
activities. The evidence shows that the more women have
internalized macho and conservative cultural values, the less they
participate in the labor market. (Contreras and Plaza 2010) .
The relationship between gender, employment, infromal employment
or employment in the informal sector, wage differentials and poverty,
in Argentina, Chile, Basil and Peru. Concluding that the informality
of a job is not so much a cause of poverty, as the manifestation of the
lack of job opportunities in the formal sector of the economy and the
scarcity of formal jobs. Maurizio, (2019).
According to a study conducted in Colombia, "Women's access to
formal employment when the Covid-19 pandemic emerged was
affected, increasing even more the difference that had improved years
before. A clear reflection of the situation in many Latin American
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countries, there is still a percentage that struggles to get a well-paid
job that does not differ from male labor, such as: jobs in medicine,
military service, service to society as police officers, where in the past
they were not given the opportunity to participate, are some of the
barriers that women are gradually breaking down today. (Valencia
Ramos 2021) .
In this context, although current discourses emphasize progress
regarding women's participation in different spheres of life,
nevertheless, the existing bibliography on this subject shows that
their participation, specifically in management and leadership
positions, is still scarce. Hence, studies carried out in different
countries highlight the inequality between men and women in
representative positions in organizations. (Sigüenza, Mendoza, and
Álava 2019)..
On a global scale women earn only 77 cents for every dollar earned by
men doing the same job, women generate 37% of the world GDP despite
representing 50% of the global working age population in Ecuador the
situation is replicated the financial aspect, female heads of household
access to 21% of the total credit , being more serious in the rural
sector where only 14.4% have access to credit. The gender equity gap
must diminish and reach leadership levels. Financial exclusion varies
by country and region, affecting women's access to financial services.
(Flores, Pinargote, and Valdéz (2019).
While currently referring to "the increase in female labor
participation responds to a diverse set of factors, among which stand
out secular processes of individualization and autonomy combined
with the decline and postponement of fertility. The expansion of
women's educational credentials, making them in many households
the main income provider or an equivalent income generator to men.
Finally, changes in family arrangements, divorce rates and single-
parent female-headed households have also increased women's
participation in the labor market, generally making them the sole
income earners. (Romero ,2020).
Materials and Methods
The research is defined as "Documentary research (descriptive) has
the particularity of using as a source of inputs, but not the only and
exclusive one, the written document in its different forms: printed
documents or currently published on the Internet through which we
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proceed to collect information through books, journal articles that
consist with author and the respective procedure to be accepted as
truthful, i.e. that consist with real information, in order to obtain
results in the most possible close to the reality of the subject,
necessary to carry out, we proceed to analyze the information
collected through the variables of the subject ".(Morales ,2012).
The most important part of the research is the presentation of the
results extracted from the research, which must be coherent
according to the objective indicated at the beginning of the research,
the research has its respective bibliography which includes: name of
the book or article, authors, pages, name of the journal and other
important requirements for the basis of the information extracted
from books or articles for the development of the results in the case of
this research the empowerment and autonomy of women within the
economy, which is the subject of the research. (Rojas, 2010).
Results
The role of women in the economy in economic issues
In economic aspects, the role of women in the economy is still a great
challenge so that, if they have an education, a university degree, they
are often repressed by male chauvinist thoughts on the part of male
roles that lead companies or by the society itself at a global level, the
gap between men and women in the workplace continues its struggle.
Some progress has been made in reducing gender inequality in this
regard. Globally, the % of contributing family workers has decreased
significantly among women (17.0 percentage points over the last 20
years). Globally, the service sector has overtaken agriculture as the
sector employing the largest number of women and men. In 2015,
just over half of the world's workforce worked in the services sector,
While 42.6 percent of all men work in the latter sector, well over half
of the world's women are employed in the latter sector: women's
employment in the sector has increased from 41.1 percent to 61.5
percent.(50.1 percent)(ILO 2016).
Women's empowerment is necessary for a bright future for women,
the family, society and the country, and for women to make their own
decisions in their personal growth. For a long time, the voice of many
women has been restricted and can now be disseminated. In recent
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decades the interest of women to study careers such as medicine, law,
police, pilots and other careers, have been gradually destroying the
barriers that have existed over time to get to occupy a place as a
professional in these fields, demonstrating that they have all the
ability to achieve efficiently and responsibly develop their work.
(Espinoza-Portilla and Linares-Cabrera 2020).
Financial Aspects
The access to credit for women is not easy, currently they have a
greater possibility of accessing credit since there is support for
entrepreneurship where a large percentage belongs to women
entrepreneurs who seek the possibility of having their own job.
Case study Ecuador shows an increase in access to credit to women
ranging from 8,394 in 2016 to 59,634 in 2018 thus showing a
considerable increase in credits granted by Banco Guayaquil, this
information shows that changes are generated and the effort of women is
recognized, in this concept enter women who have recently obtained their
professional degree and single mothers who have access to credit to
carry out their own entrepreneurship and in the case of professionals
as they are; chef to open their own business covering their own
expenses and those of their children. While education plays a
fundamental role, having the support of the state provides more
security for women. (Flores, 2019).
While the participation of women in the financial system has
increased "It is important that women's businesses with high growth
potential get out of the circle of short-term financing, high interest
rates and small amounts, for this it is important the need for financial
institutions to adapt their products and services according to the
business segments in which women are found and facilitate their
transition from one to another under criteria of productivity and
profitability" thus giving women access to better interest rates and
access to access to credit at a longer term giving the opportunity for
better growth for their business.(CAF, 2018).
Empowerment of women in society
Over the last few decades, there has been progress in the awareness
of men and women regarding the situation of discrimination against
women and greater sensitivity to some of the problems that afflict
them. The increase of knowledge, the generation of egalitarian values,
the creation of norms and laws that legitimize the human rights of
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women, the implementation of social policies that enable and
promote equity are some of the paths that have been opened and are
being traveled, although with great difficulty overcoming machismo,
criticism of women themselves and the countless barriers that have
existed in history and many more that are still present in
society.(Fassler, 2010).
The main findings in studies and research show that more women
than men start a business out of necessity; women generally have a
higher level of education than men, and the survival rate of
businesses run by both men and women are similar, although the
desire to survive is similar between both genders. The conditions of
inequality are awakening diverse interests since, with more strength,
individuals, when faced with entrepreneurship, conceive a spirit of
emotion and passion with the desire to get ahead and demonstrate that
with effort, personal and professional goals can be achieved. (Bravo,
and Cali 2021).
It is observed that participation in roles that were not previously
considered for women to develop such as politics is universally
recognized as an instrument for women's empowerment and gender
equity. Likewise, quota laws in the electoral sphere are an explicit
aspiration in a good part of the countries that do not yet have
legislation in this regard. Positive discrimination against women
within the structure of the State is another recurrent strategy in the
region. Moreover, in some recent plans, parity is beginning to be
explicitly considered, not only in the electoral sphere but also within
the governmental structure. (Montaño, 2017).
The situation of women represents a greater potential to transcend
the traditional condition of women. They are experienced as the
propellants, if not unique, then basic of the emancipatory process;
those who have allowed greater freedom, greater protagonism and a
greater possibility of choice for women. In the end it is the self-
consciousness: where women work on themselves: first the work that
gives them economic independence, second contraceptives that gives
them personal independence and third university studies that gives
them socio-cultural independence to women today at a personal level:
a good self-esteem, self-valuation and self-confidence opening their
own path. (Gasteiz ,2010)
Although the role played by women in society has improved, men are
still in the majority when it comes to obtaining a doctorate worldwide.
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They also constitute a vast majority of professional researchers: 71%
compared to 29% of women. Women working in research generally
earn lower salaries, have fewer opportunities for promotion and are
often placed in lower positions, even if they have a similar or even
higher level of qualification, so the road is still long to achieve the
equity that has been proposed all these years. (Guillot, 2010).
It is concluded that the increase in female participation in the labor
supply is a product of long-term factors, such as the increase in the
educational level of women and the decrease in the fertility rate,
among others. The increase in female participation in the labor force
has repercussions on a country's economic development; gender
inequality in employment has a negative impact on economic growth.
Likewise, there is evidence in several countries that the increase in
income controlled by women has an important effect on their families,
since the expenses are concentrated for the benefit of their children,
referring to the fact that men put work first in a considerable percentage
of cases. (Escobar, 2010) .
Despite progress towards a more equitable distribution of family
responsibilities in some economically developed countries, women
continue to carry the greatest burden. When women work, they are
usually the ones in charge of finding solutions that allow them to
maintain a balance with child rearing. This challenge is greater for
salaried women, less for self-employed women, and even less for
unpaid contributing family workers (who are still considered
employed according to the standard definition of employment). (ILO,
2010).
Conclusions
The empowerment of women focusing on economic and
entrepreneurial activity is of vital importance for the development of
society as it reinforces participation in the production sector through
education a woman is able to access a job with a salary that allows
her to support her household and children's expenses if necessary,
leaving behind the domestic work that most women used to do in the
past.
In the case of access to the financial sector, strengthening the
participation of women allows increasing productivity, which is
linked to economic development, improving labor opportunities by
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supporting the growth of micro and small enterprises or businesses
run by women, generating a positive impact on the economy;
however, there is a need to offer longer-term loans at a lower interest
rate.
In conclusion, there is no doubt that the empowerment of women
clearly facilitates and reinforces economic activity in the countries,
since by generating income, this income begins to circulate in the
economy and improves the quality of life of women and their families,
despite the barriers and limitations that have been imposed on
women over the years, overcoming them has allowed for the progress
and evolution of societies.
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