ABSTRACT
In Guayaquil,
artificial intelligence has advanced in SMEs in the commercial sector, showing
competitiveness and efficiency in constant evolution. Its use in local
companies could increase efficiency and evaluate its impact on competitiveness.
The methods used in the research are both quantitative and qualitative
analysis, obtained from 50 small and medium-sized companies that were surveyed,
in addition interviews were organized with 5 specialists. in artificial
intelligence. The findings of this study indicate that many companies, 61.54%,
are using artificial intelligence in key areas such as customer service, sales,
marketing and operations. Although most companies have seen notable progress in
efficiency and customer satisfaction, they are also faced with significant
obstacles such as a shortage of qualified employees and opposition to
organizational change. The study's conclusions indicate that the implementation
of AI in Guayaquil is in an early stage, showing key opportunities to increase
efficiency and competitiveness. However, SMEs face challenges due to
implementation costs and the need for specific training.
RESUMEN
En Guayaquil,
la inteligencia artificial (IA) ha avanzado en las Pymes del sector comercial,
mostrando competitividad y eficiencia en evolución constante. Su uso en las
empresas locales podría aumentar la productividad y evaluar su impacto en la
competitividad. Los métodos utilizados en la investigación son tanto de
análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos, obtenidos de cincuenta pymes que fueron
encuestadas, además se organizaron entrevistas con cinco especialistas en IA. Los
hallazgos de este estudio indican que la gran mayoría de las empresas, un
61.54%, están utilizando IA en áreas clave como atención al cliente, ventas,
marketing y operaciones. A pesar de que la mayoría de las empresas han
experimentado notables avances en cuanto a la eficacia y satisfacción de los consumidores,
también se ven confrontadas por obstáculos importantes como la escasez de
empleados calificados y la oposición al cambio en la organización. Las
conclusiones del estudio indican que la implementación de estas herramientas
tecnológicas en Guayaquil está en una etapa inicial, mostrando oportunidades
clave para aumentar la eficiencia y competitividad. Sin embargo, las pymes
enfrentan desafíos debido a los costos de implementación y la necesidad de
capacitación específica.
Keywords / Palabras clave
Artificial intelligence, SMEs, technology, chatbots,
trade business
Inteligencia artificial, PYMES,
tecnología, chatbots, sector comercial.
Introduction
In today's
society, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a key tool in process
optimization. AI has proven to be a disruptive technology that changes
conventional lifestyles, from the way people go about their daily lives to how
they work and do business. It also has a significant impact on economic and
social growth in Latin America and the Caribbean. (Gómez et al., 2020).
It is also necessary to highlight the potential of AI to address
challenges in various areas, such as social, economic, and environmental. This
has created international competition for dominance of the technology,
gradually establishing AI as a global phenomenon, with estimates that it could
be worth nearly $16.5 trillion by 2030. (IDB, 2020), an event that occurred in
the wake of the global COVID-19 pandemic, which intensified the need for
digitization and drove the use of advanced technologies such as AI due to the
economic and labor crisis that the world was experiencing. (Useche et al.,
2021; Lamiña and Cueva, 2024).
The adoption of AI in Guayaquil reflects an upward trend, with positive
peaks in the commercial sector. Through the introduction of technologies such
as virtual assistants, chatbots, and workflow automation applications, which
are expanding their influence in local SMEs. However, the latest research
indicates that many of these tools have not yet reached their full potential
(Ramires and Valle, 2022). There has also been a significant increase in the
integration of digital platforms into the commercial operations of SMEs in
Guayaquil (Sancho et al., 2023). Research conducted by Margalina
et al. (2024) showed that user confidence in the fashion industry in Ecuador is
directly related to transparency and service quality, areas where AI could play
a significant role.
Despite these advances, gaps in knowledge about the real impact of AI
remain, and SMEs in Guayaquil face both significant opportunities and
substantial challenges in the application of these technological tools. (Proaño et al., 2020). Lack of knowledge about how emerging
technologies, such as AI, significantly affect the productivity and
adaptability of organizations is perceived as a key barrier to the application
of artificial intelligence in their day-to-day operations.
The main objective of this research is to analyze how artificial
intelligence influences SMEs in the commercial sector of Guayaquil, in order to
understand its scope and effects, which will allow identifying the areas in
which AI is obtaining the greatest benefits, as well as the challenges faced by
SMEs in its integration.
AI is emerging as a technology with the potential to replace human labor
in accelerating processes and is now considered an important tool in the world.
Due to its growing acceptance and ability to integrate and apply principles
from various disciplines, such as mathematics, statistics, computational
neurobiology, and computer science, it is becoming a multidisciplinary field.
The combination of these disciplines aims to mimic the cognitive abilities of
human beings, such as learning, reasoning, perception, and creativity, through
a precise design that enables their execution in computer systems.
AI has revolutionized efficiency in the workplace, becoming an important
tool in the optimization of organizational processes. In addition, the initial
concept of AI has evolved over time, as its implementation has shown that
machines can perform functions such as voice detection, decision-making,
semantic search, and various methods of machine learning (Cuervo, 2021).
SMEs comprise a group of organizations that differ in terms of sales
volume, share capital, number of employees, and level of production or assets.
However, in the Ecuadorian context, SMEs encompass a variety of economic
sectors, including activities such as wholesale and retail trade, among others.
In Ecuador, any company with fewer than 200 employees is considered an SME
(Pinargote and Díaz, 2021). SMEs are categorized by the number of companies and
employees. Small companies have between 10 and 49 employees, while medium-sized
companies have between 50 and 199 employees.
SMEs play an important role in the Ecuadorian economy, which is why
understanding their classification is essential (Cervantes et al., 2024). Shows
the most relevant AI tools applied in different areas or departments, verifying
their capacity to optimize various processes. It is recommended to apply these
tools due to market updates and competitiveness.
SMEs face many challenges in implementing digitalization. Generally, a
lack of understanding of new technologies, a shortage of resources for
adoption, and resistance to change are key challenges. In addition, the
changing digital marketplace demands innovative and flexible leadership, as
well as a corporate culture that values risk-taking. To effectively address
these challenges, SMEs need to create tactics that incorporate the latest
technologies in a timely manner, quickly adjust their ways of operating,
promote cooperation between workers and customers, and foster a culture of
continuous learning. (Del do et al., 2023; Cueva and Sánchez-Bayón, 2024).
In Guayaquil, a study conducted by (Sánchez et al., 2024) found that
various aspects, such as technological, organizational, innovation, and
transactional factors, affect the implementation of e-commerce in SMEs. During
the COVID-19 pandemic, these companies faced significant challenges and
opportunities in their adaptation, highlighting the importance of information,
technical assistance, training, and access to credit to grow in the global
market.
Customer satisfaction can be significantly improved through the
effective implementation of chatbots. As evidenced in a study conducted by
Lubbe and Ngoma (2021), these computer programs can operate 24 hours a day,
simulate human conversations with precision, and offer highly accurate service,
meeting or exceeding customer expectations through personalized suggestions,
effectively identified with AI.
In a similar study, Ramos (2024) determined that, in leading companies
in Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador, chatbots significantly increase customer
satisfaction in logistics by solving problems and providing important data on
products and services. He also noted that these virtual assistants in major
companies significantly increase customer satisfaction in the logistics
process, highlighting their effectiveness in solving problems and their
in-depth knowledge of products and services. On the other hand, (Nazmus et al., 2024) present ChatGPT as a generative AI
tool that is transforming human resource management and marking a significant
change in the market.
Nicolescu and Teodora (2022) thoroughly examined the interaction between
individuals and computers through chatbots in the field of customer service,
highlighting an increase in interest since 2016. Chatbots have significantly
improved the quality of customer service by providing quality information,
solving problems effectively, and improving the user experience. (Misischia et al., 2022) explore in detail how these virtual
assistants can meet customer expectations and improve service quality through
personalization and trend analysis. In addition, the potential of ChatGPT to
change the consumer experience, mainly in terms of digital marketing and
customer service, is thoroughly examined (Damaševičius
and Zailskaite-Jakšte, 2024).
Machine learning (ML), as a subfield of AI, plays a role in interactions
between organizations and customers. The use of this technology allows SMEs to
enter and compete effectively in the digital market, significantly improving
the marketing of products and services (Fernández et al., 2019). Thus, the
implementation of advanced techniques in multimedia content and video synthesis
provides effective solutions for data analysis, benefiting decision-making and
organizational efficiency (Payal et al., 2024).
The performance of companies in the Nigerian banking industry
highlighted improvements in work efficiency through the adoption of AI (Okonji
et al., 2023). This emerging technology can significantly optimize
decision-making, but it also presents challenges in terms of coordination
within the organization. Another study pointed out that AI has a positive
impact on the efficiency, performance, satisfaction, and commitment of
employees in international companies (Prasad et al., 2023).
In the province of Guayas, Ecuador, it was found that exporting SMEs
improve their innovative capacity through the use of advanced technologies,
including AI. Its application allows for more effective resource management.
The study highlighted the importance of applying advanced technologies to
enhance the competitiveness and export capacity of these companies. Another
study in Saudi Arabia examined how AI has had a transformative effect on
accounting processes, finding significant direct relationships between
knowledge and efficiency. (Mahfoudh , 2024)
Methodology
The
research is descriptive in scope, as it seeks to explain how AI influences SMEs
in the commercial sector of Guayaquil. To achieve the objective of this study, a non-experimental bibliographic research was carried out,
with a quantitative and qualitative approach, combining data collection through
surveys and structured interviews. In addition, documentary research was used,
as information was collected from scientific journals to create a contextual framework
and better understand AI.
Fifty surveys were administered to SMEs online through the Question Pro
program, and five interviews were conducted with experts from the commercial sector in Guayaquil.
Results
The
classification of 50 SMEs surveyed. Of these, 53.85% were small businesses and
the remaining 46.15% were medium-sized businesses. The data reveals the
predominance of retail trade with 61.54%, while 38.46% are classified as
wholesalers.
This percentage (61.54%) indicates a notable inclination towards the
integration of AI technologies in the commercial sector, demonstrating growing
acceptance and application to improve operational efficiency and
competitiveness.
These data show a relatively recent implementation of AI among SMEs,
evidencing that a significant portion of companies have begun to apply this
technology in recent years.
These findings indicate that business productivity is significantly
affected by the application of AI.
In Guayaquil, SMEs in the commerce sector are beginning to use AI
moderately, through predictive analysis to significantly improve customer
service.
There is no fluidity due to challenges such as high costs, the need for
specialized training, and the lack of an organizational mindset and planning
clearly focused on long-term digital transformation. Therefore, while SMEs show
considerable interest in the advantages of artificial intelligence, they are
affected by budget constraints that negatively impact their sustainability and
competitiveness.
Another point to address is the lack of appreciation of the importance
of the role of the CIO (Chief Information Officer), which also represents a
significant obstacle. SMEs face considerable obstacles when implementing AI,
such as a lack of worker preparation and training, high costs, and the
obligation to invest significant amounts in technology. The combination of
current systems with AI technology and the challenges in data engineering are
significant challenges.
Therefore, they must also consider what is to come by carrying out
adequate long-term strategic planning.
They concluded that the most effective AI tools are: chatbots for
customer service, predictive analytics for inventory optimization and sales
forecasting, and virtual assistants for streamlining customer service.
Therefore, social media analysis was generated, in addition to tools for
optimizing SEO and user experience, which are extremely useful. However, it is
important to assess the current situation and develop a thorough strategic plan
before deciding on the type of company, sector, and management model.
Before selecting the right AI tools, SMEs should analyze their
specific needs and the operational challenges they want to address. To do so,
it is essential to assess the quality of data in the industry and analyze the
return on investment in artificial intelligence. Therefore, planning time
management and corporate change is crucial. In addition, it is recommended to
conduct careful pilot tests of different implementation options to identify
those that truly optimize processes. SMEs can therefore take advantage of
specialized guidance on digitization and innovation to identify specific
internal needs and relate the choice of AI tools to their future goals and
projects.
AI can offer SMEs a number of advantages in terms of operational
efficiency and competitiveness. One of the many benefits includes the effective
automation of repetitive tasks, a significant reduction in human error, and the
provision of advanced analytics for more agile and informed decision-making. In
addition, AI can significantly reduce operating and logistics costs, drive
technological integration, and empower and strengthen teams. Market reach,
customer service, and consumer loyalty can also be significantly improved,
while increasing efficiency, profitability, and shareholder value.
Small businesses face ethical and privacy challenges when implementing
AI, such as ensuring compliance with data protection regulations and thoroughly
understanding the effects of collecting personal data. Therefore, it is
essential to accurately manage transparency when using information and ensure
fairness in algorithms, particularly in automated decisions that directly
affect employees or consumers. For this reason, it is recommended that SMEs
ensure and properly manage data, train their employees to stay up to date with
skills, and address job losses caused by automation. Another relevant point is
that updating hardware and software, as well as data protection, are additional
challenges.
SMEs considering incorporating AI into their operations are advised to
follow these tips:
Prepared
management team: have competent management personnel who are aware of
artificial intelligence, with well-defined strategic and operational planning.
Organizational
structure: have an appropriate organizational structure to foster innovation
and have the required intellectual capital at strategic and operational levels.
Management
decision: choose to invest in artificial intelligence by hiring a specialized
advisor or consultant.
Conclusions
After a
comprehensive analysis of the influence of AI on SMEs in
Guayaquil, considerable improvements were found in important areas such as
customer service, sales, and operations, despite the fact that AI is still in
its early stages. In addition, the data obtained reveals that 61.54% of SMEs in
Guayaquil use AI, and most have noticed moderate to significant improvements in
efficiency and customer satisfaction.
Indeed, the results obtained in the study by Chávez (2021), which
examines the sustainability and implementation of AI in SMEs, highlight the
importance of analyzing costs and benefits before integrating new technological
tools. It also emphasized that after integration, there must be an evaluation
that aligns with the expected results. Therefore, it is considered that these
points do not guarantee the expected future success in the implementation of
AI, as it would not be possible to perceive all the emerging opportunities and
risks. For this reason, it is suggested that a flexible mindset be adopted
after analyzing its impact on organizational competitiveness and productivity.
García et al. (2023) comment on the impact of AI on accounting and the
effective functioning of SMEs in Ecuador, highlighting the need to overcome
technological and regulatory obstacles. Research improves understanding of how
AI can benefit various sectors, similar to the present study, where AI has had
a significant impact on decision-making and economic stability.
Therefore, García's suggestion to incorporate AI into curricula
highlights the importance of being prepared to address these challenges, a
relevant factor for the reality of Guayaquil. Cisneros et al. (2023) expand on
this point by discussing the relevance of AI training to boost competitiveness
and increase efficiency in SMEs,
in which they point out the need to manage the decline in the workforce
responsibly, a challenge that reflects the results of my research regarding the
need for training and adaptation in Guayaquil companies, highlighting the
importance of incorporating AI in an ethical and strategic manner, prioritizing
worker training and staff relocation rather than focusing solely on cutting
costs.
(Acosta et al., 2022) highlights how emerging technologies such as
artificial neural networks and blockchain contribute significantly to SMEs. It
also comments that by overcoming technological challenges and making strategic
investments, SMEs can experience improvements in efficiency and
competitiveness. Therefore, despite the favorable arguments, it is considered
that in practice many SMEs are limited by significant barriers in their quest
to apply AI.
In conclusion, the study indicates that the use of AI in SMEs in
Guayaquil is on the rise, with benefits in efficiency and customer
satisfaction, but also presents significant obstacles. Companies are therefore
advised to invest in training and strategic planning to optimize the
advantages. It is also necessary to further investigate the specific barriers
and effective strategies to overcome them, as well as to analyze the long-term
impact of AI on the competitiveness of SMEs in various
sectors.
References
Acosta , M., Azamar, I.,
Ramírez, E., Morales, M., Valencia, B., Rosales, V., & Romero, A. (2022). Implementation of artificial intelligence and blockchain
technology that allows optimizing productive systems of Pymes. South Florida
Journal of Development, 3893–3901.
doi:https://doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv3n3-065
Anzules , B., Bajaña , N., Y Mg. Manzano
, L. (2020). El uso del comercio elecrónico y su incidencia en la rentabilidad
de las PYMES del norte de Guayaquil. Observatorio de la Economía
Latinoamericana, 1-11.
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8313040
BID. (2020). Situación de la
Inteligencia Artificial en el Ecuador en relación con los países líderes de la
región del Cono Sur. FIGEMPA: Investigación y Desarrollo.http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2602-84842023000200023#redalyc_6244272003_ref3
Carvache, O., Carvache, M., Gutiérrez,
G., Y Carvache, W. (2022). Incidencia de la tecnología y gestión en. Revista
de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), 1-11.
https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=28070565017
Cervantes , F., Guzmán, A., &
Castañeda , A. (2024). La inteligencia artificial como herramienta para las
Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas. Universidad&ciencia, 44-54.
doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11553514
Chávez, J. (2021). La Inteligencia
Artificial y su Sostenibilidad en las Pymes. Big Bang, 1-6.
doi:https://doi.org/10.51431/bbf.v10i2.680
Cisneros, Y., Arredondo, M., Y Caldera,
D. (2023). Industria 4.0 y las implicaciones de la IA para las fuerzas. Fundación
Dialnet, 1-14. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9380873
Cruz, J., Y Gordillo, S. (2022).
Inteligencia artificial en el campo laboral: conflicto de rol y bienestar. REDMARKA,
52-61. doi:https://doi.org/10.17979/redma.2022.26.1.9041
Cuervo , C. (2021). Efectos de la
inteligencia artificial en las estrategias de marketing. aDResearchESIC,26-41.
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7705935
Cueva
Estrada, J. M., & Sánchez-Bayón, A. (2024). Estudio bibliométrico de
Economía Digital y sus tendencias . Revista De Estudios Empresariales.
Segunda Época, 1, 195-209.
HYPERLINK "https://doi.org/10.17561/ree.n1.2024.8229" https://doi.org/10.17561/ree.n1.2024.8229
Damaševičius, R., &
Zailskaite-Jakšte, L. (2024). Transforming consumer experience through ChatGPT:
Challenges and opportunities. Scopus, 129 - 155.
https://bibliotecas.ups.edu.ec:2226/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85193852572&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&sid=64b501642759684a4426a316c1e4d446&sot=b&sdt=b&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28chatgpt+AND+organization%29&sl=43&sessionSearchId=64b501642759684a4426a316
Degli-Esposti , S. (2023). La ética
de la inteligencia artificial. Madrid: Los libros de la Catarata.
https://bibliotecas.ups.edu.ec:3488/es/lc/bibliotecaups/titulos/247484
Del Do, A., Villagra, A., Y Pandolfi, D.
. (2023). Desafíos de la Transformación Digital en las PYMES. . Informes
CientíFicos y TéCnicos, 15(1) , 200-229.
doi:https://doi.org/10.22305/ict-unpa.v15.n1.941
Delgado , K. (2022). Beneficios de la
implementación de la inteligencia artificial en las pequeñas y medianas
empresas. Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Pamplona, 1- 43.
http://repositoriodspace.unipamplona.edu.co/jspui/handle/20.500.12744/6065
Fernandez,A.,Sandoya, J., Y Crespo,N.
(2019). IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS AGENTES INTELIGENTES EN LAS PYMES DEL ECUADOR . .
Revista Ciencia E Investigación., 4(1)(2528-8083), 325-334.
doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo
García, J. (2020). Inteligencia
artificial en las organizaciones. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada,
1-23. Obtenido de http://hdl.handle.net/10654/36011
García, Y., Juca, F., Y Torres, V.
(2023). Automatización de procesos contables mediante Inteligencia Artificial:
Oportunidades y desafíos para pequeños empresarios ecuatorianos. Revista
Transdiciplinaria de Estudios Sociales y Tecnológicos, 68-74.
doi:https://doi.org/10.58594/rtest.v3i3.93
Gómez, C., May, C., Martínez, C., Y
Martín, A. (2020). La inteligencia artificial al servicio del bien social en
América Latina y el Caribe: Panorámica regional e instantáneas de doce países. Panorámica
regional e instantáneas de doce países. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo,
1-146. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002393
Lamiña
Allauca, I. Y., & Cueva Estrada, J. (2024). Análisis del uso de la economía
digital en el sector ferretero en Guayaquil. Gestión I+D, 9(2),
16–42. Recuperado a partir de
http://saber.ucv.ve/ojs/index.php/rev_GID/article/view/27398
Lubbe, I., Y Ngoma, N. (2021). Useful chatbot experience provides technological
satisfaction: An emerging market perspective. South African Journal of
Information Management, 1-8.
https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1560-683X2021000100012&lang=es
Mahfoudh , M. (2024). The infuence of
artifcial intelligence as a tool for future economies. Discover Computing,
1-19. doi:doi:10.1007/s10791-024-09452-7
Margalina, V., Jiménez, Á., &
Cutipa, A. (2024). Modelo PLS-SEM para la intención de
compra online en el. Retos, 101-114.
http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/pdf/retos/v14n27/1390-8618-retos-14-27-00111.pdf
Md. Nazmus, S., Masnoon, S.,
Mohammad, Y., Mohammad , A.-O., Mohammad, S., & Mosab, T. (2024). The
ChatGPT and the future of HR: A critical review on the benefits and challenges
of Al chatbots in human resource management. Multidisciplinary Reviews,
1-8.
https://bibliotecas.ups.edu.ec:2226/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85195108379&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&sid=64b501642759684a4426a316c1e4d446&sot=b&sdt=b&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28chatgpt+AND+organization%29&sl=43&sessionSearchId=64b501642759684a4426a316
Misischia, C., Poecze, F., Y Strauss,
C. (2022). Chatbots in customer service: Their relevance and impact on service
quality. ScienceDirect, 421-428.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.03.055
Nicolescu, L., Y Teodora, M. (2022). Human-Computer Interaction in Customer Service: The
Experience with AI Chatbots—A Systematic Literature Review. Electronics,
1-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11101579
Okonji, P., Fajimolu, O., Y
Onyemaobi, C. (2023). Role of organizational creativity between artificial
intelligence capability and organizational performance. scispace,
1-18.
https://typeset.io/papers/role-of-organizational-creativity-between-artificial-tc2mq1hd
Payal, K., Deepali, V., Shruti, P.,
Sashikala, M., & Vaishali, K. (2024). Behavioral profiling for adaptive
video summarization: From generalization to personalization. MethodsX, 1-17.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2024.102780
Pinargote, H., Y Díaz, J. (2021).
Políticas públicas orientadas a impulsar a las PYMES ecuatorianas. Revista
de estudios Políticos y Estratégicos, 1-21. Obtenido de
https://repositorio.utem.cl/handle/30081993/1475
Prasad, K., Vaidya, R., Y Rani, R.
(2023). artificial intelligence in enhancing employee engagement in
multinational companies. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters,
228-237.
https://typeset.io/papers/a-critical-investigation-analysing-the-key-determinants-of-qes05tb2
Proaño, W., Lucio, A., Y Rodríguez , R.
(2020). Contabilidad bajo la perspectiva de dispositivos electrónicos en
contribuyentes de microempresas de Jipijapa Manabí. Avances, 1-15.
https://www.redalyc.org/journal/6378/637869116005/
Ramires, P., Y Valle, D. (2022). Los
Asistentes virtuales basados en Inteligencia Artificial. ReCIBE. Revista
electrónica de Computación, Informática,, 1-11.
https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5122/512275401001/
Ramos, P. (2024). Satisfacción del
cliente en la logística: un análisis de chatbots en. Revistas de Ciencias de
Administración y Economía, 115-130.
doi:https://doi.org/10.17163/ret.n27.2024.08
Rodríguez , A., Y Berrú , L. (2024).
Impacto de la Inteligencia artificial en las PYMES de la ciudad de Machala. Repositorio
Digital Universidad Israel, 1-55.
http://repositorio.uisrael.edu.ec/handle/47000/4188
Romero , I. (2006). Las PYME en la
economía global. Hacia una estrategia de fomento empresarial. Scielo,
31-50.
https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/prode/v37n146/v37n146a3.pdf
Sánchez, I., Viteri, G., Y Valdez, R.
(2024). Factores que inciden en la adopción del E-Commerce en pymes del sector
comercial en Guayaquil. Scielo, 96-103.
http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2218-36202024000100096&lang=es
Sancho, V., Crespo, X., Y Herrera, S.
(2023). Las tecnologías de la información aplicadas a la educación Poscovid. Revista
Metropolitana de Ciencias Aplicadas, 260-266.
https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=721778122032
Torres, A. F., Villafuerte, J. S., Y
Torres, N. C. (s.f.). Implemetación de los agentes Inteligentes en las pymes del
Ecuador. Revista Ciencia E Investigación, 4(1),, 325-334.
doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo
Useche, M., Pereira, M., Y Barragán, C.
(2021). Retos y desafíos del emprendimiento ecuatoriano, trascendiendo a la
pospandemia. RETOS. Revista de Ciencias de la Administración y, 1-22.
doi:https://doi.org/10.17163/ret.n22.2021.05
